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Everything to Know About ‘The Misery Index’ and Host Jameela Jamil – Distractify

Posted: October 17, 2019 at 8:41 pm

Everything to Know About 'The Misery Index' and Host Jameela JamilAcceptBrowsers may block some cookies by default. Click accept to allow advertising partners to use cookies and serve more relevant ads. Visit our privacy policy page for more information.Source: InstagramBy Amber Garrett

6 hours ago

Jameela Jamil has spent the last four years on The Good Place, but her next project is definitely more about bad places. Her next bold move is hosting TBS's new game show, The Misery Index, exploring and ranking real-life situations nobody wants to encounter.

The premise sounds rife for hilarity, but how exactly does it work? Read on for a full explainer of The Misery Index and host Jameela Jamil.

If you haven't already fallen in love with her self-absorbed character Tahani Al-Jamil on The Good Place, you may have encountered Jameela on social media, especially if you travel in activist circles. Like her Good Place character, the British actress supports a number of causes and charities. She is outspoken about diet culture and one of the leading celebrity voices in the "body neutrality" movement.

For readers unfamiliar with body neutrality, it's a bit of a measured response to the body positivity movement, which often leads people (women in particular) feeling shame about their ambivalent relationships with their bodies, and that while celebrating diverse bodies is great, another worthy goal is arriving at a neutral regard for your physical appearance.

The 33-year-old also has worked to make live entertainment venues accessible for people with disabilities and has helped raise money for various children's charities.

Jameela has been in a relationship with fellow Brit James Blake since 2015, and the musician has proved to be a feminist ally for his partner. Recently he took to Twitter to elevate the active collaborative role musicians' partners often play during their creative process, challenging the way the word "muse" is used to downplay and romanticize the work they do. He put his money where his mouth is by crediting her as a producer on his latest album.

The new game show is based on a popular party card game called S--t Happens, where players try to determine where a particular nightmare scenario like finding a pubic hair in one's food ranks among other cards on the 0-100 Misery Index.

On the show, two teams compete to rate real-life events on the scale, which was created by a team of therapists. Each team consists of one contestant aided by two of the prank comedy superstars from Impractical Jokers. In addition to providing comic relief, they help the contestant determine where the real-life situations would rank.

Joining Jameela each week are the four stars of TruTV's Impractical Jokers. The improv comedians essentially dare each other to say or do things for the other jokers' amusements and, if they don't perform adequately, they are subjected to embarrassing punishments.

Since the show's inception, it has starred Brian "Q" Quinn, James "Murr" Murray, Sal Vulcano, and Joe Gatto Jr. All four of the comics are from the NYC borough of Staten Island. They've been friends since their freshman year at Monsignor Farrell High School in the Oakwood section of Staten Island. They perform together at the improv and sketch comedy troupe The Tenderloins, which was formed by Murr, Sal, and Joe with another friend, Mike Boccio, who was eventually replaced by Murr.

They gained internet fame on YouTube and MySpace and eventually won the $100,000 grand prize in an NBC competition called It's Your Show. Their successes led to a development deal with Spike TV, who eventually passed, but the boys later found a home on truTV, where their show is among the most popular programs.

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PMS vs. PMDD: What’s the difference, and how to manage both – CNET

Posted: October 17, 2019 at 8:41 pm

PMS and PMDD symptoms affect many women in the days and weeks leading up to their period.

Premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder are two conditions that make many women's lives more difficult each month leading up to their period. And while experiencing some type of PMS is common for many women, sometimes the symptoms can be so severe that they interfere with your quality of life. If you can relate to the latter, understanding what qualifies as PMDD can be helpful for understanding your symptoms and finding relief.

Keep reading to find out more about the difference between PMS and PMDD, and what you can do to help ease the symptoms.

"Premenstrual syndrome, commonly referred to as PMS, describes the pattern of physical, emotional and behavioral symptoms occurring one to two weeks before and remitting with the onset of menses," Dr. Jessica Shepherd, OB-GYN, told me. "PMS is common, and affects 30-80% of women of reproductive age," Shepherd said.

PMS can include a wide variety of signs and symptoms, including mood swings, tender breasts, food cravings, fatigue, irritability and depression. It's estimated that as many as three out of four menstruating women have experienced some form of PMS.

The cause of PMS is typically attributed to hormonal imbalances or changes in hormones that occur in the body leading up to a period. Changes also occur chemically in the brain, which can be the culprit behind many of the mood-related symptoms.

PMS can also involve many physical symptoms including muscle pain, bloating, acne and digestive issues like constipation and diarrhea.

"Premenstrual dysphoric disorder is a more severe form of premenstrual syndrome and is characterized by significant premenstrual mood disturbance, often with more prominent mood reactivity and irritability," Shepherd said. "The mood disturbances result in marked social impairment."

So if your symptoms leading up to your period tend to sideline you for days, making you miss work, school or keep you from doing things you normally want to do, your symptoms may require more advanced treatment.

Further, according to Mayo Clinic, in order to classify as PMDD, at least one of several distinct symptoms must be present. "In PMDD, however, at least one of these emotional and behavioral symptoms stands out: sadness or hopelessness, anxiety or tension, extreme moodiness, marked irritability or anger."

Since mood- and behavior-related symptoms are part of why PMDD is so distressing, it makes sense that there's a connection to mood disorders like anxiety and depression. According to Mayo Clinic, it's common for someone who already has depression or anxiety to also experience PMDD. In fact, the hormonal changes that happen in the body naturally before a period can potentially make mood disorders symptoms worse, which is important to consider if you have a diagnosed condition like anxiety or depression.

It's important to note that for a PMDD diagnosis, the mood and behavioral symptoms must only happen about two weeks leading up to your period. Dr. Andrea Chisholm emphasizes in an article for Harvard Medical School the importance of noting the timing of the onset of your symptoms and when they resolve for your doctor to make a diagnosis. If your symptoms occur for a longer period of time, or throughout the month, you could still have PMS or PMDD, but you may also need to be checked for a mood disorder like anxiety or depression.

Period tracking apps like Clue allow you to track your cycle and note any PMS or PMDD symptoms.

One action you can take to help manage your symptoms is to start by tracking your cycle with an app or smart watch. "Tracking cycles can help by knowing when moods may change and helping to find ways to alter these mood changes," Shepherd said. Various period-tracking apps like My Flo and Clue allow you to track not only the days of your cycle, but also important symptoms and mood changes.

Besides keeping track of your symptoms, you can also use diet, lifestyle and exercise to help manage symptoms. Some dietary changes that can help include eating smaller, more frequent meals, limiting salty foods and incorporating more complex carbohydrates (like fruits and veggies over processed carbs like bread or pasta). You can also eat more calcium-rich foods since calcium is shown to help improve PMS symptoms. Limiting alcohol and caffeine can also help.

Regular exercise can also be helpful for overall health, and in preventing and managing symptoms like fatigue and feelings of depression. Other than exercise and diet, you can also work on managing stress and getting more sleep to help manage your symptoms.

If lifestyle interventions don't help, doctors can use a variety of treatments or medications to help. Some drugs commonly used to treat PMS and PMDD include antidepressants, NSAIDs, diuretics and hormonal contraceptives. "There is a strong theory that the fluctuations in circulating estrogen and progesterone cause marked effects on central neurotransmission, specifically serotonergic, noradrenergic and dopaminergic pathways," Shepherd said. "This is important as there are certain medications that can help regulate these pathways and possibly minimize the mood changes."

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"If a person thinks they have PMS or PMDD, it is important to talk to a clinician so that other diagnoses can be ruled out," Shepherd advised. Again, if you suspect you might have PMDD, experience PMS or have mood symptoms that present around your period (or at any point in the month), it's best to see a doctor so you can get the proper diagnosis and treatment.

The information contained in this article is for educational and informational purposes only and is not intended as health or medical advice. Always consult a physician or other qualified health provider regarding any questions you may have about a medical condition or health objectives.

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Barber moves chair outside for overwhelmed boy with autism in heartwarming viral moment – Yahoo Food

Posted: October 17, 2019 at 8:41 pm

Afamilyis thankful to a Mentor, Ohio barbershop who helped accommodate their 7-year-old son withautismby moving a chair outside to make him feel more comfortable.

When Brycen Juby was 2 years old, he was diagnosed with autism andapraxia of speechand was nonverbal until he was 5, his mother, Ashley Juby, toldYahoo Lifestyle. When he was a year old, Ashley says they were able to take him to a kiddie place to get his hair cut, but as he grew older it was a "screaming meltdown every time."

"For the last roughly four years my husband has been cutting his hair at home," Ashley said. "[Brycen] would still melt down every time."

Recently, however, Brycen started to tolerate the haircuts without crying, and Ashley and her husband, Joe Juby, thought it might be time to try a barber again. Knowing that Brycen could get upset, they reached out toMarky Fresh Barbershopasking if they could get their son a haircut after the shop was closed. Marco Conti, the co-owner of the barbershop, responded to their direct message and immediately set up an appointment after-hours.

"Marco was happy to help any way he could, Ashley said. To find someone so accommodating was such a relief."

When Brycen and his father arrived, the boy "became very emotional with the whole situation," Conti told Yahoo Lifestyle.

Conti recognized that Brycen felt more comfortable outside the shop, so he asked if it would be OK if he cut his hair outside.

"Brycen, with tears down his cheeks, agreed," Conti said.

They moved a chair outside and Conti started to trim away at Brycen's hair as Joe cradled his son's face. The moment was captured on camera.

"I feel that it is our duty to open our hearts and to accommodate everyone as best as we can with whatever resources we have available with action over intention," Conti said. "I just wanted him to feel loved and comfortable and safe and that there was nothing to fear."

Marco Conti, co-owner of Marky Fresh Barbershop in Mentor, Ohio, cuts Brycen Juby's hair outside after he became overwhelmed in the shop. (Photo: Facebook)

While a haircut may just be another run-of-the-mill errand, this one holds a special meaning for the family. This is Brycen's first year at public school, and picture day is on Thursday.

"This is a new start for Brycen, being at the public school," Ashley said. "He has worked so hard to be in a bigger school and was so ready."

This was also a first for the Marky Fresh brand, but it "won't be the last."

"This has opened doors for those parents that were silent and those that just didnt know that we are more than willing to help," Conti said.

"There are kind, patient, understanding people out there," Ashley said. "Marco was ready for however the situation would turn out."

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Why are so many American cities banning fast-food drive-thrus? – TODAY

Posted: October 17, 2019 at 7:48 am

A growing number of local legislatures in cities across the country want to put an end to drive-thru windows.

In August, Minneapolis became the latest city to pass an ordinance banning the construction of new restaurant drive-thrus. Officials say the ban will help curb pollution, make the city more walkable and improve health problems pertaining to obesity. Other places that have enacted similar measures say they are aiming to combat traffic, cut carbon monoxide emissions and litter.

But fear not, Chick-fil-A fiends, the zoning changes currently in effect only affect new construction. Thus far, cities in California, Missouri and New Jersey have implemented similar bans.

Still, many consumers are worried about one of their favorite conveniences being taken away. Some have pointed out how important drive-thrus are for customers who are disabled, the elderly and parents who may not easily be able to get their kids out of the car for a quick bite.

Other folks say they think the bans won't help decrease CO2 emissions because people may just leave their cars running while they wait for someone else to pick up the food.

There is, however, increasing support for the bans. Some say curbing access to even faster fast food may help aid in reversing urban obesity rates, while also helping to improve road traffic accidents.

According to the National Restaurant Association, 25% of restaurant visits in the U.S. occur at a drive-thru window. So would limiting the number of new ones just drive folks inside or actually change American dining habits?

One of the first municipalities to prohibit new and expanded drive-thrus was South Los Angeles in 2008. They also banned the construction of new stand-alone fast-food restaurants. In 2015, a non-profit research organization called RAND published a study examining the ban's impact on diet and obesity in L.A. County from 2007 to 2012. Its researchers found obesity actually increased among residents in the area.

"The South Los Angeles fast-food ban may have symbolic value, but it has had no measurable impact in improving diets or reducing obesity," said Roland Sturm, the lead author of the study.

Sturm and his team found that the ban had little effect on preventing people from getting their meals while driving since there were still plenty of places where consumers could find a window. The number of sugary soft drinks consumed per person another target in the fight against obesity did see a drop.

However, America's neighbors to the north saw different results when a similar ban was enacted in several provinces.

A 2018 study analyzing drive-thru bans in 27 Canadian cities found that "fast food drive-through service bans may play a role in promoting healthier food environments." The researchers noted that more studies must be done to determine whether these bans have any long-term effects on preventing chronic diseases.

Erica Chayes Wida is a New York City-area based journalist and food writer obsessed with culture, poetry and travel. Follow her work onContently.

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Strictly Avoiding This 1 Thing Helped Jessica Simpson Lose 100 Pounds – Showbiz Cheat Sheet

Posted: October 17, 2019 at 7:48 am

Jessica Simpsons 100-pound weight loss astonished and in some cases, worried fans. But whatever their reaction, people wanted to know the secret to how the singer and fashion designer dropped so much weight in just six months.

The answer wasnt a miracle drug, fad diet, or punishing hours at the gym. Instead, Simpson made a number of lifestyle changes, including switching up what she ate, walking more, and getting enough sleep, her long-time trainer Harley Pasternak has revealed. Now, hes offering more insight into what Simpson did to slim down after the birth of her daughter Birdie Mae in March.

Pasternak spoke with Us Weekly and explained that Simpsons post-baby weight loss plan involved completely avoiding one particular thing that can stall weight loss in a big way: alcohol.

There are certain things that are more conducive to weight loss and certain things that are going to hurt you when losing weight, and alcohol is absolutely one of them, the nutrition expert and celebrity trainer explained.

I am pretty sure she would not have been as incredibly successful in this physique transformation if she was drinking, he added.

Alcohol can be a major source of empty calories. A 5-ounce glass of red wine contains about 125 calories, while a 3.5-ounce margarita has 254 calories.

In addition to skipping wine, beer, and other alcoholic beverages, Simpson followed the guidelines Pasternak shared in his 2013 book The Body Reset Diet. Every day, she had three meals and two snacks, with a focus on protein, fiber, and healthy fats.

Her meals might include protein-rich foods like eggs, chicken, and fish, as well as veggies and fruits. Snacks might be some almonds or green beans with parmesan cheese, he told the magazine. In a recent appearance on HSN, Simpson also said she ate a lot of cauliflower, which is low in calories and high in fiber and various vitamins and minerals. But it wasnt all healthy foods for Simpson during the HSN appearance, she also admitted to munching on some Cheetos in the green room.

Walking more was also key to Simpsons weight-loss success, Pasternak said. He urged her to walk 12,000 steps a day, and the star is reportedly hitting 14,000 steps a day on a regular basis.

To track steps, Pasternak urges people to use a device like a Fitbit. [I]ts like a gym on your wrist anywhere you go, he said.

Though Simpson did go to the gym several days a week, that wasnt the key to her weight loss.

Its not about the workouts, Pasternak told Us Weekly. You dont lose weight doing biceps curls and lunges. You lose weight by changing your diet, hitting your step goal, working on your sleep those were the things she did so well.

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Lending a Hand, in New York and Beyond – The New York Times

Posted: October 17, 2019 at 7:48 am

The New York Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children

Sharkkarah Harrison, a 32-year-old single mother with an easy smile, reunited with her children in 2015.

Her son and daughter had been in foster care for about four years while Ms. Harrison was living in shelters. By the time they came home, they were showing signs of troubling behavior intense temper tantrums, leaving her side in public places that took Ms. Harrison by surprise.

A friend recommended the Trauma Recovery Program at the New York Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children, a child welfare organization. The program, which received a grant from The Neediest Cases Fund endowment, supports children and young adults from low-income families who have experienced interfamilial trauma or who have lived in neighborhoods where violence is common. The goal is to help them recognize trauma triggers and cope with their emotions.

In 2018, Ms. Harrison enrolled her children in the program. The experience has been eye-opening. Ms. Harrison learned that when children act out or misbehave, they are often doing so in response to emotional triggers. Seeing a bathroom, taking a bath, walking past a park, she said. Anything is a trigger.

Her daughter, now 10, and son, 11, do a range of activities with their therapists. (She loves to sing and dance; he likes to play board games.) Paola Amaya, one of the programs trauma therapists, said it was essential to build trust with the children and make them feel comfortable before diving into sensitive issues. Having fun eases that process.

Unlike previous therapists, the programs staff members have been able to make a connection with her children, Ms. Harrison said, because they have gotten to know them. It was just horrible experiences prior to coming here, she said. Now the children are more communicative, opening up on their own.

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Man lost 100 pounds diagnosed with liver disease, had cancer – TODAY

Posted: October 17, 2019 at 7:48 am

After Wally Sutt started golfing, he noticed his weight was holding him back. Bending over to pick up balls involved too much straining.

Over the years, Sutt used every excuse to skip exercise and healthy eating. He wasnt surprised that his weight had ballooned. But in 2017 when he read his weight at 330 pounds, he decided to start eating better and working out. The weight began to come off slowly.

More than a year later and more than a hundred pounds lighter, the 5'10" inch tall Sutt said he felt good at 224 pounds.

Then, unexpectedly, he started gaining some of the weight back. He was still eating healthy foods and exercising, but the weight crept up. He thought maybe he'd overindulged during the holidays. But, something felt off. The way his stomach bulged seemed different than just extra weight.

My stomach was really, really tight and it just didnt feel right, Sutt, 45, a salesperson in Holland, Indiana, told TODAY. There was no pain, nothing like that. This was strictly just going off how I felt and how my belly protruded.

Sutt visited the doctor, who noticed that fluid had accumulated in his abdomen. After an ultrasound and blood tests, Sutt said, he was diagnosed with non-alcoholic cirrhosis of the liver.

Doctors believed the cirrhosis had caused the fluid buildup and bloating, which is called ascites, in Sutt's stomach. They removed 15 liters of fluid, which weighed about 34 pounds, and Sutt modified his diet even more, eliminating most sodium and alcohol.

I took everything they said seriously, he said.

Panicked, he went to extremes. He started lifting weights and eating an extremely strict diet that included a meal replacement shake for breakfast and lunch and plain fish without salt for dinner. His said his weight dropped to 174 pounds. Still, Sutt wanted to do more to reduce the impact of liver disease, so he called the Mayo Clinic for an appointment in June, hoping to join a clinical trial for experimental treatment.

Doctors ran tests and found something unusual: Both Sutts kidney and liver functions were normal, but the fluid was still accumulating in his belly. They decided to test the fluid itself and drained 10 liters, weighing about 20 pounds, and sent it to the lab.

Three days later, Sutt was in the middle of a card game with friends when the phone rang. It was his doctor explaining the test results: Sutt had an extremely rare form of cancer called pseudomyxoma peritonei, more commonly referred to as appendix cancer.

That was scary, of course, Sutt said. I wasnt thinking clearly.

PMP is a soft tissue cancer that affects organs in the abdomen and produces mucin, a gelatin-like liquid that can cause the kind of protrusion Scott experienced, what's called "jelly belly."

"People just think they're gaining weight," Dr. Travis Grotz, a surgical oncologist at Mayo Clinic who treated Sutt, told TODAY. "It's hard for people to figure out the symptoms."

Only about 2,000 cases of PMP are reported every year and doctors know little about the symptoms or causes, but think it's similar to colon cancer, Grotz added. Tumors often start in the appendix and can rupture, which then spreads cancerous cells that can attach to the lining of the organs, called the peritoneum, where they continue to produce the fluid. Sutt has stage 4 PMP (only stages 1 and 4 exist).

In August, Grotz performed surgery on Sutt to remove as many of his tumors as he could, but some were stuck to organs. He administered 90 minutes of chemotherapy to kill some of the remaining cancerous cells.

We have truly done everything we can do," Sutt said. "Now we have to wait and see how fast it progresses."

The hardest part of recovery for him? He could only walk on a treadmill at first.

Now, seven weeks after surgery, Sutt started his weight-lifting and tougher workouts again. Exercising, riding his motorcycle and his faith help him cope with the uncertainty of his future.

I am pretty positive, [but] some days get to me, Sutt said. Things do happen for a reason, we just dont know what it is yet.

If he hadn't lost the weight, doctors might not have discovered the cancer as soon as they did. Grotz said it's harder to feel and see abdominal tumors in overweight people.

Sutt said he's spent too long making excuses for being unhealthy and he hopes his experience encourages others to take initiative.

If I would have never lost weight, I wouldnt have recognized the fluid buildup," he said. "If I would have went another year or two because I had no other symptoms there would be nothing (doctors) could do."

Focusing on his health and keeping a positive attitude are helping him recover, Sutt said. In the future, he also hopes to participate in a trial for new therapies.

"It is a big operation and people who are not healthy struggle more," Grotz said. "Staying positive and not getting depressed and getting beat down certainly it is hard ... He has done a remarkable job."

Sutt said sharing his story has helped him grapple with the diagnosis, but he also hopes it will help others.

If I can help someone else in some way, or some fashion, I am doing something right, he said.

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Johnny Vegas forced to apologise after scaring fans with cryptic message about the next life – The Sun

Posted: October 17, 2019 at 7:48 am

JOHNNY Vegas has been forced to reassure his fans he's OK after sharing a cryptic tweet that left them worried.

The comedian, 49, posted "See you in the next life x Night all" on his Twitter account at 1.54am today, leaving many desperate to know if he was alright.

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One wrote: "How to panic the whole country in one tweet."

While another was unable to sleep, writing: "Was just going to bed. Now Im probably not going to get a wink worrying about what this means xxx."

However, a number of followers recognised the quote from 1988 crime/thriller Midnight Run, and did their best to reassure their fellow Vegas fans.

Realising that he'd panicked a few, Johnny cleared things up later in the morning, posting: "I'm absolutely fine. Apologies to anyone who hadnt read my earlier twitter thread, I was merely quoting the end of a favourite movie Midnight Run."

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Last month Johnny showed off his five stone weight loss as he made a very dapper appearance at the TV Choice Awards.

The star, who weighed 18 stone at his heaviest, was spotted taking selfies and making a series of women laugh as he enjoyed a cigarette break at the bash.

The actor, who first revealed his new look in the summer of 2018, was very smart in a black suit with waist coat and baker boy hat.

Johnny whose real name is Michael Pennington previously revealed his slimmed down figure was down to overhauling his lifestyle.

He said: I am very careful about coming on and celebrating weight loss because it makes other people feel bad.

I have not done a diet in any way whatsoever. I have cut out things, its a lifestyle change - and not a drastic diet.

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Then you can live with it and you dont feel like you are denying yourself anything - apart from cheese!

Meanwhile Johnnys wife Maia Dunphy recently opened up about their unconventional relationship following their brief split in 2018.

The couple announced they were going their separate ways last year but reunited shortly afterwards.

Maia, who raises the couples son Tom in DublinwhileJohnnyis based in the UK, told how their relationship is simply different to what people accept as the norm.

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Maia said: Things are the way they always were. Life is complicated. People dont understand it and try to put a label on it.

Its work. Myself and Tom were just over in London for two weeks as Johnny was filming Open All Hours in a studio there and its rare hes in one place for that amount of time.

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Science news in brief: From head-chewing parasitic wasps to palaeolithic bone marrow – The Independent

Posted: October 17, 2019 at 7:47 am

This waspis an equal-opportunity head-chewer

To deposit its eggs, the parasitic oak gall wasp pierces a leaf or stem with its ovipositor, a tubelike organ. The plant swells, forming tumorlike growths called galls. These serve as nursery domes, or crypts. Within each crypt, a wasp egg develops until it is large enough to chew a hole into the galls skin and emerge an adult. That is, unless the crypt-keeper wasp Euderus set, a parasite in its own right arrives.

The wasp locates smooth, dome-shaped galls created by the other wasps. Then, puncturing the gall, it injects its eggs beside or inside the young oak gall wasp, Bassettia pallida. As both eggs develop inside the crypt, the baby crypt-keeper feeds off the body of baby Bassettia.

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Just as theBassettia beginchewing an escape hatch into the gall skin, Euderus stops it. Now the unfinished hole is too small to allow exit. Bassettias head becomes caught, and a few days later, Euderus will crawl into the head and chew its way out, the victor: a parasites parasite. Astudy led by Scott Egan, at Rice University, indicates that the crypt-keeper used many different species of hosts, and all the hosts had one key thing in common: the galls they occupied were small, smooth, non-woody, lacking fuzz or sharp spines defenceless.

Chitons roll into a ball to help them to get to places without losing their footing (NYT)

Pondering a molluscwith acrobatic skills

Why did the chiton roll into a ball? To get to the other side, says Julia Sigwart, an evolutionary biologist at Queens University Belfast in Northern Ireland.

About 500 million years ago, a couple of species of now-extinct trilobites became the first animals to roll themselves into a ball for protection. The trilobites living doppelgnger is the chiton. This marine molluscsplated shell drapes over a soft body and mucousy foot, giving it the appearance of a flattened piece of shrimp nigiri.

Like trilobites, three-banded armadillos, pill bugs, hedgehogs and other animals, the chiton can roll itself into a ball. Many scientists had assumed this acrobatic manoeuvre, known as conglobation, defends the animals, most of which are smaller than an inch or two, against predators. But Sigwart, who studies chitons, never really bought that explanation: if a predator can swallow you whole, she reasoned, rolling into a Tic Tac probably would not save you.

In a series of lab experiments, Sigwart showed that rolling into balls has more to do with helping chitons get to places where they can reattach after losing their footing. She hopes that these findings, published in Biology Letters, add evidence to a novel argument: that chitons are capable of making decisions.

Chitons do sometimes roll defensively, for instance, if they perceive a need to protect their soft bodies when poked. But, usually, they do not do much more than stick to habitable surfaces. And occasionally they move. When they detach, they may curl into balls, which can help them fall and roll more safely to a new location.

The critical problem for chitons is that they are top-heavy but not flexible enough to twist and have no appendages. So when they accidentally land on their backs, they cannot flip back. All they can do is arch and thrust out their foot. With luck, they will touch something they can push off to right themselves or a place to stick and stay safe. Their foot glue is so strong that if you were to lift a chiton off a rock too strongly, its body and shell would rip off, leaving the foot behind. And that makes the foot an important element of their defence against hungry predators, Sigwart says.

In each experimental trial, the researchers placed a chiton upside down in the middle of a test tank. Then, they added water from a tank with more chitons or a tank with an ochre sea star. Chitons can detect this natural predators scent. The researchers found that the chitons exposed to it were three times less likely to spend time rolled up than those that were not. These threatened chitons opted to arch and reach. Its an energy-intensive defence that can risk exposing its soft body, but it can also reward a chiton by helping it find a safe place to survive.

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Cavemen ate an early form of canned soup by preserving bones in animal hides 400,000 years ago (DrRuth Blasco/AFTAU /SWNS.COM)

Original paleodiet recipe: cave-aged bone marrow

Sealed for millenniums, Qesem Cave in central Israel is a limestone time capsule of the lives and diets of palaeolithic people from 420,000 to 200,000 years ago. Inside, ancient humans once butchered fresh kills with stone blades and barbecued meat on campfires. It was believed that early hominins were consuming everything they could put their hands on immediately, without storing or preserving or keeping things for later, says Ran Barkai, an archaeologist at Tel Aviv University in Israel.

But not every meal was scarfed down right after a hunt. Barkai and his colleagues have found the caves earliest inhabitants may have also stored animal bones filled with tasty marrow that they feasted on for up to nine weeks after the kill, sort of like a stone age canned soup.

The finding may be the earliest example of prehistoric humans saving food for later consumption and may also offer insight into the abilities of ancient humans to plan for their future needs. The study was published inScience Advances. Barkais team examined cut marks on nearly 82,000 animal fragments from Qesem Cave, most belonging to fallow deer. The researchers noticed unusual, heavy chop marks on the ends of some leg bones known as the metapodials.

Usually, stripping the hide from a fresh bone requires minimal force, he says. But the heavy chops indicated that the processing used more force than should have been necessary. We had a hypothesis that these unusual chop marks at the end of the meatless bones had to do with the removal of dry skin, he says. But why were they doing that?

The team concluded the ancient hominins, who shared features with Homo sapiens and Neanderthals but were probably neither, were removing dry skin on the bones to get to the marrow. That presented another question: If they were after marrow, why not just remove it from the bone when it was fresh? The researchers hypothesised that the chop marks were an indication that the early humans stored the bones so they could eat the marrow later.

To test their idea, the team collected freshly killed deer leg bones and then stored them for several weeks in conditions similar to those inside the cave. After every week, they would break open a bone and analyse the marrow to see how nutritious it still was. Every time, a researcher would remove the dried skin using a flint flake and then hammer open the bone with a quartzite tool, similar to what the ancient people would have had used. The researcher wasnt given instructions on how to open the bone.

The team found that the researchers chop marks on the older leg bones with dried skin were similar to what they saw in Qesem Cave. Their chemical test showed that after nine weeks, the fat in the bone marrow degraded only a little and was still nutritious.

Eight arms, 40 winks and who knows how many dreams?

Heidi the octopus is sleeping. Her body is still, eight arms tucked neatly away. But her skin is restless. She turns from ghostly white to yellow, flashes deep red, then goes mottled green and bumpy like plant life. Her muscles clench and relax.

From the outside, the cephalopod looks like a person twitching and muttering during a dream or like a napping dog chasing dream squirrels. But an octopus is almost nothing like a person. So how much can anyone really say with accuracy about what Heidi was doing?

It is only conjecture to say the octopus is dreaming without more data, says University of Cambridge psychologist Nicola Clayton. Does the sequence of Heidis colour changes match an experience she had while awake? Clayton points out that a human sleeper might flush red because she is overheated.

A fatberg blocks a sewer in Sidmouth (AP)

The mysterious blob that didnt come from outer space

When a giant fatberg was discovered in the sewer of a small coastal town in southwestern England last year, the company that manages the pipes was so mystified by the greasy mass of solidified fats and waste materials that it enlisted the help of scientists to discover what it was made of.

The grisly results of an autopsy held some surprises. Stuck within the stomach-churning lump were wet wipes, oils, sanitary products and even a set of false teeth.

Fatbergs are commonly associated with big cities such as London and New York. Their contents can become a taxonomy of the habits of the inhabitants of nearby towns or cities.

New York Times

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Science news in brief: From head-chewing parasitic wasps to palaeolithic bone marrow - The Independent

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Want to put your dog on a raw meat diet? It could be dangerous for it, and you – Science Magazine

Posted: October 17, 2019 at 7:45 am

New research suggests some raw meat pet foods contain alarmingly high levels of harmful bacteria.

By Michael PriceOct. 16, 2019 , 5:20 PM

Few things will get a dogs or cats sniffer going more quickly than the scent of raw meat. Grounded in the belief that feeding dogs and cats raw meat is more natural than giving them processed foods, pet owners appear to be increasingly seeking out raw meatbased diets. Yet, a new study suggests that could be a risky proposition, as the majority of commercially produced raw foods a research team examined contained high levels of harmful bacteriaincluding strains that could transmit diseases to pets and their owners alike.

Because dogs and cats wild ancestors ate raw meat almost exclusively, pet owners often believe their animals will benefit from such a diet, explains the studys lead author, Magdalena Nesch-Inderbinen, a microbiologist at the University of Zurichs Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene in Switzerland.

Although some pet owners prepare their own raw meals with store-bought meat, the pet food industry has jumped wholeheartedly into the market, offering dozens of meal options. These foods usually contain uncooked muscle and organ byproducts of animals slaughtered for human consumption. Several cases of bacterial diseases in pets have been linked to such raw meat diets, but few studies have examined how widespread potentially harmful pathogens are in such commercial products.

To address that lack of data, Nesch-Inderbinen and colleagues bought 51 different raw meat pet meals produced by eight different suppliers. (The authors declined to name the specific brands they tested.) The meatincluding beef, chicken, horse, or lambcame from either Switzerland or Germany. The scientists analyzed samples from each for the presence of enterobacteria, a family of bacteria that includes such harmful pathogens as Salmonella, Escherichia coli, and Shigella, as well as numerous harmless strains.

Nearly three-quarters (72.5%) of the samples had enterobacteria levels that exceeded regulations set by the European Union for pet food safety, the researchers report this week in Royal Society Open Science. Antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria were identified in 63% of the samples. Salmonella, a highly transmissible pathogen that is one of the most common sources of food poisoning in both humans and pets, was found in 4% of the samples.

Together, the results suggest raw meat pet foods are far riskier than thought, Nesch-Inderbinen says. She advises pet owners who buy these products to be extra thorough in washing their hands after handling the food and its packaging, and to be aware of the heightened risk of bacterial disease in their pets.

Scott Weese, a microbiologist at the University of Guelphs Ontario Veterinary College in Canada, says the findings about antibiotic-resistant bacteria are especially concerning. With Salmonella, the expectation is that if you get exposed, you either get sick or dont in a short period of time, he says. With resistant bacteria that can live in the GI [gastrointestinal] tract for months or more, a pet or person could potentially get a disease much later if an initial course of antibiotics fails to kill the bug.

Dana Brooks, president and CEO of the Pet Food Institute, an industry group that represents most of the largest U.S. pet food manufacturers, acknowledged the danger that raw diets may pose to pets and their owners. These bacteria may present a safety risk to your entire family, especially for vulnerable loved ones, such as children or the elderly, she wrote in a statement to Science.

The lack of published scientific evidence for the health benefits of such raw meals seals the deal for Lisa Freeman, a veterinary nutritionist at the Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University in Grafton, Massachusetts. I strongly recommend against feeding raw meat diets for the health of the pet, the owner, and the greater community.

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