Remember when Atkins was all the rage? Then it was replaced with the South Beach Diet, and later Weight Watchers ("I LOVE Bread")? Fad diets come and gobut the latest two most popular ones beg an important question about American eating habits: why do our attempts at healthy eating involve such extremes when #balance might just be the best thing for your health and fitness routine?

ICYMI, paleo dietingis pretty popular. And though it might feel so 2014, the caveman craze is far from over. In fact, a recent Grubhub studyfound that paleo orders increased by 370 percent in 2016, making it the most popular dietary-specific choice for the year. (And Grubhub isn't the only company to find that paleo is currently king in the dieting world.) To no one's surprise,raw diet orders came in second place, witha 92-percent increase last year. Apparently, when it comes to ordering healthy food, the country is split between ordering high-fat, meat-heavy dishes, and 100-percent produce-fueled food. Call me a traditionalist, but both of these seem a bit extreme.

How is it possible that the top two diets in America are basically total opposites?

The appeal behind paleo and raw dieting boils down to two things, according to Susan Pierce Thompson, Ph.D., adjunct associate professor of cognitive sciences at the University of Rochester, eating psychology specialist, and author of Bright Line Eating: The Science of Living Happy, Thin, and Free.One, the fact that both have scientific narratives ("People are really attracted to knowing the 'why' underneath what they're doing," says Thompson), regardless of whether there's truth in these narratives or not.

And people really do feel better when they're on these diets. About 60 percent of the typical American diet comes from ultra-processed foods, says Thompson. Both the paleo diet and raw diets ditch this ultra-processed food and replace it with whole foodswhich just happens to be the basic recipe for healthy eating success. "If you just stop eating processed foods and starteating more vegetables, you'll have that feel-good benefit regardless of the diet you're on," says Thompson. But because people switch to raw dieting or paleo and dramatically increase their vegetable and whole food consumption and cut the processed crap, the narrative of both diets gets passed along with raving reviews.

Problem is, "diets" are hard to stick with, and lots of experts suggest the80/20 rulefor healthy eating longevity. So why are people picking paleo and rawarguably the two most extreme diets on the spectrumin order to put their healthy eating knowledge to use?

"The extreme approach works really well for some people," says Thompson. You likely fall into one of two personality groups: the abstainers or the moderators. The former works better with clear boundaries and "off-limits" items, while the latter finds that the occasional indulgence actually strengthens their resolve and heightens pleasure, according to Gretchen Reuben, the author behind the concept. "An abstainer will actually do better with an extreme kind of diet," says Thompson. "A moderator will do better if they avoid a strict diet."

There's one time when abstinenceand extreme dietingdoes work better for both types of people, and that's when addiction comes into play."If you have someone whose brain is addicted to sugar and flour, for example, then choosing to abstain from them completely is actually the moderate choice," says Thompson. (See: 5 Signs You're Addicted to Junk Food)

So if you find that you're happiest and healthiest outlining your diet per the paleo, raw, or some other plan, there's no shame; going all-out with your healthy eating might be best for you. But if restriction ends in binges or makes you completely miserable? Moderation might be your happy medium. As long as you're eating whole foods, lots of veggies, and cutting out ultra-processed Franken-foods, your body will handle the rest just fine, says Thompson: "There's no one-size-fits-all solution."

Read the rest here:
The Most Popular Diets In America Prove That We're Pretty Extreme with Our Eating - Shape Magazine

We already knew that fat could accumulate pretty much anywhere on our bodies, but we kind of thought our bones, at least, were a fat-free zone. Sadly, it turns out that's not at all the case. But just like all our other pudge, bone fat can also be blasted by exercise, according to researchers from the University of North Carolina.

When you think about it, it makes sense that bones have fat; that's what makes bone marrow such a delicacy on some menus. But the way in which the bone marrow fat forms and its role in the body have both been a bit unclear to scientists, says UNC. So a study led by Maya Styner, a physician and assistant professor of endocrinology and metabolism at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, set out to investigate.

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"There's been intense interest in marrow fat because it's highly associated with states of low bone density, but scientists still haven't understood its physiologic purpose," said Styner. "We know that exercise has a profound effect on fat elsewhere in the body, and we wanted to use exercise as a tool to understand the fat in the marrow."

Styner and her team raised two different groups of mice by giving them different diets starting a month after they were born. One group was fed a high-fat diet which turned them into obese mice, while the other received a normal diet that kept them lean. Then, at four months of age, half the mice from each group got a running wheel in their cage. While that might not seem like the most exciting gift to you and I, it turns out that mice really like to run, so it suited them just fine.

The researchers then took a look at the bone marrow fat from all the rodents. They found that in the mice that exercised, the amount of fat and the size of fat cells in their marrow had reduced significantly. In fact the reduction was so significant that fat-wise, the marrow of the obese mice was pretty much identical to those of the lean mice even the wheel-running lean mice. The researchers also found the mice who exercised had thicker bones and that this thickening was most pronounced in the obese mice.

"Obesity appears to increase a fat depot in the bone, and this depot behaves very much like abdominal and other fat depots," said Styner. "Exercise is able to reduce the size of this fat depot and burn it for fuel and at the same time build stronger, larger bones."

While the researchers were able to draw parallels between exercise and thicker, leaner bones, at this point they're not entirely sure about the relationship between marrow fat reduction and bone health.

One theory is that when fat cells get burned inside the marrow, the energy released could be used by the body to beef up bone composition. Another theory involves cells known as mesenchymal stem cells, which lead to the creation of both fat and bone cells. It could be that exercise tips their production quotas to more bone and less fat. Interestingly, if this second theory turns out to be valid, mesenchymal stem cells also produce bone and fat in human, so the results could translate well.

"If we want to take this technique to the human level, we could study marrow fat in humans in a much more reliable fashion now," said Styner. "And our work shows this is possible."

Details of the study have been published in the Journal of Bone and Mineral Research.

Source: University of North Carolina

Original post:
Fatty bones? That's nothing a little exercise can't handle - New Atlas

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Applying feed additives in feed may not always work consistently, as the substrates inside any pigs gastro-intestinal tract are different. A novel feed additive having an adaptive enzyme producing capacity, however, has been observed to overcome that.

While intensive, indoor pig production is the most effective and economic way to raise pigs, it is not without its limitations. Maximising feed efficiency, achieving a consistent growth rate and controlling and preventing diseases are common challenges that can be difficult to overcome within the standard grower-finisher pig production model.

Historically, producers have used antibiotics as a cost effective tool to reduce the impact of disease and environmental pathogens on growth. However, government-mandated withdrawal of in-feed antibiotics in some countries and mounting consumer pressures in others have left producers searching for alternatives.

Disappointing results from past trials have made many producers sceptical of feed additives outside of phytase. However, researchers found that providing more digestible amino acids to the small intestine, the site of greatest absorption, can provide pigs with the tools to simultaneously support immune function and optimise growth. Emerging research has identified an enzyme/probiotic combination, Syncra SWI, that consistently improves amino acid digestibility, thereby improving growth and reducing feed costs.

By combining enzymes with probiotics, improved and consistent growth performance can be achieved with pigs. Photo: Dr Maria Walsh

The solution combines a protease enzyme and a multi-strain Bacillus species probiotic (a direct-fed-microbial; DFM). It consistently delivers digestibility largely due to the probiotics agile enzyme producing capacity that adapts to different feed ingredients.

As a live and responsive organism, the multi-strain probiotic can adapt its enzyme production profile to be specific to the available substrate in the small intestine. This enables the same additive to consistently degrade substrate in many different feed ingredients.

Furthermore, the probiotic uses spore-forming Bacillus strains that are highly stable to heat and processing, yet will germinate and thrive in the small intestine of the animal. This acts as an enzyme delivery system that allows unstable enzymes which would not normally survive pelleting or the stomach, to be delivered safely to the small intestine where they are needed to break down substrate.

The exogenous protease enzyme in the strategy targets a wide range of amino acid sequences that are complimentary to pigs specific endogenous protease activity. These proteases work synergistically with the proteases and fibre-degrading enzymes from the multi-strain probiotic to provide exceptional protein breakdown, which is needed to target fibre-bound protein, liberating amino acids and other nutrients from the complex feed matrix.

A number of enzyme and probiotic screening studies were conducted to search for a solution to improve the solubilisation of the fibre-protein complex in the small intestine in grower pigs. While improvements in performance and digestibility of nitrogen and energy were seen with some enzymes, probiotics, and combinations of the two, it was evident that the protease/multi-strain probiotic combination worked well.

Understanding how the synergistic benefits of the enzyme/probiotic combination are achieved, begins by breaking down the role of amino acids.

The profile of amino acids used by a pig to elicit an immune response is very similar to that required for growth. Therefore, when a pigs immune system is challenged, amino acids are diverted away from growth. There is an increasing body of evidence that suggests that digestible amino acid supply may be a key limitation to growth and feed efficiency in grower-finisher pigs.

Recent research showed pigs raised in low sanitary conditions performed significantly better when they were provided with a supplemented amino acid diet, containing increased methionine, threonine and tryptophan; as compared to a basal amino acid diet.

Other research showed that high fibre diets increase the amino acid requirements of grower pigs; including threonine, which plays an important role in gut health as well as antibody production. This means that vital amino acids can be diverted away from growth and used instead for gut maintenance.

Furthermore, tryptophan is used to synthesise acute phase proteins the first line of defence in an immune response. It is thought that the reduction in animal performance in low sanitary conditions is largely due to this competition for dietary tryptophan.

One study, conducted by Maria Walsh in 2017, explored the potential of this strategy to increase the digestibility of amino acids in pigs fed a corn/soybean meal-based diet. Overall, adding the enzyme/probiotic combination resulted in an average improvement of 33% in the apparent digestibility of amino acids (see Figure 1). This indicates that a greater proportion of amino acids, which are key for growth as well as for supporting immune defence, will be readily available at the key site of absorption.

The response (Figure 1) was highly correlated to the digestibility and concentration of the amino acid in the diet meaning there were large improvements in poorly digested amino acids present in high concentrations, and small improvements in amino acids that are highly digestible and present in lower concentrations.

Although corn and soybean meal are known for having relatively high amino acid digestibility, there are considerable fractions of protein in these ingredients that remain bound to fibre and are therefore less digestible. In corn and soybean meal, 1% of protein is bound to fibre. But as the fibre content and/or processing of feed ingredients increases, the proportion of fibre-bound protein also increases, thereby reducing the digestibility and availability of essential amino acids.

For example, corn distillers dried grains and solubles (DDGS) has 13.6% of protein bound to fibre. This is compounded by the fact that a number of studies suggest that pigs do not have the capacity to breakdown and liberate nutrients from the fibre-protein complex with only their endogenous digestive capacity from the small intestine.

About 75% of these animal trials showed more than 3% feed conversion ratio (FCR) improvement over the control. This consistency has enabled researchers to generate a robust amino acid and energy matrix. When applied to a corn/soybean meal/corn DDGS-based diet formulation for grower-finisher pigs, the matrix shows a cost savings of $5.00 to $13.00 per short ton (907 kg).

With the growing pressure to remove antibiotics while maintaining performance and health, novel feed additive solutions are becoming increasingly more important. This research demonstrates the potential of the enzyme/probiotic combination and how its ability to breakdown otherwise indigestible substrates can lead to a variety of benefits for pig production, improved and consistent growth performance for sustainable profitability.

References available upon request.

See the original post here:
Adaptive additives enhance amino acid digestibility - Pig Progress (registration) (blog)

WASHINGTON

The World Health Organization has delivered dramatic news about the causes of death for young people the world over. Governments and health agencies have made great strides in reducing deaths of young children through immunization and programs that address maternal and infant care. But adolescents have somehow fallen through the cracks.

Dr. Anthony Costello, director of WHO's Department of Maternal, Newborn, Child and Adolescent Health told VOA, "Were finding 1.2 million (adolescents) die each year. Thats 3,000 deaths a day. Thats 10 jumbo jets." What's more, Costello says these deaths are largely preventable.

The study shows traffic injuries are the top cause of death among adolescents, those between 10 and 19. In most cases, the adolescent is struck by a car while walking or riding a bicycle.

Other leading causes of death include lower respiratory infections and suicide, the report found. The causes differ by gender, age and region. Boys between 15 and 19 years old are more likely to die from traffic injuries than girls or than younger boys. In sub-Saharan Africa, children are more likely to contract HIV.

Girls between 10 and 14 are at risk for getting respiratory infections from indoor air pollution and from breathing in fumes from cooking fuels. Older girls, between 15 and 19, had a greater risk of death from pregnancy complications, childbirth or unsafe abortions. Teenage girls generally have small pelvises which lead to difficult labor.

Costello said pregnant adolescent girls are also "more likely to get high blood pressure; they may be more vulnerable to bleeding, they may be more anemic. They may be in situations more vulnerable to malaria, to HIV."

The point of the study that was conducted by the WHO and partners at other U.N. agencies and the World Bank.

Looking forward

While the study focuses on the causes of death, Costello said the point was to help develop a framework and a plan to improve the health of adolescents. If adolescents had access to good health services, education and social support, fewer young people would die. In the case of traffic related deaths, he said better traffic laws, speed limits, the use of seatbelts could save lives in countries that don't have strict driving safety laws. Costello pointed out that "In India, for example, there are 90,000 deaths on the road each year; many of those are adolescents and children."

Dr. Flatvia Bistro, the assistant director-general at WHO, said, Adolescents have been entirely absent from national health plans for decades. The report proposes changing these plans and trying to help adolescents develop healthy lifestyle habits.

Costello said, "The roots of diabetes, of heart attacks, of strokes, of lung cancer, the root of that lies in the adolescent years, how the adolescents approach nutrition, and diet and exercise, whether they start to smoke or not, or abuse other substances.

Concept shift

Costello said countries need to create more adolescent friendly cities so adolescents have places to play, gather together safely and avoid gang violence.

"Governments have got to invest in young people," Costello said, because "they're the future. We mustnt be afraid to involve children in designing their own environments, in coming up with creative ideas, in working with peer groups, and investing in things that will give them an exciting life without exposing them to long term risks that could be avoidable."

A study published in The Lancet in April shows that improving the physical, mental and sexual health of adolescents could result in significant economic returns. The study contends that an investment of about $4.60 per person per year would yield more than 10 times as much in benefits to society. This study was conducted by researchers from Victoria University and the University of Melbourne along with the United Nations Populations Fund.

See original here:
WHO Says Time to Stop Ignoring Adolescent Health - Voice of America

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