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Testosterone replacement therapy – PubMed

Posted: October 20, 2022 at 1:58 am

Background: The aim of testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) is to improve symptoms and signs of testosterone deficiency including decreased libido, erectile dysfunction, depressed mood, anaemia, loss of muscle and bone mass, by increasing serum testosterone levels to physiologic range. TRT has been used in the last 70 years, and overtime, numerous preparations and formulations have been developed to improve pharmacokinetics (PKs) and patient compliance. The routes of delivery approved for use in the Western world include buccal, nasal, subdermal, transdermal and intramuscular (IM).

Objectives: The aim of this narrative review was to describe and compare all available and approved testosterone preparations according to pharmacology, PKs and adverse effects.

Materials and methods: We have performed an extensive PubMed review of the literature on TRT in clinical practice. Contraindications and monitoring of TRT were analyzed by comparing available guidelines released in the last five years. We provide a review of advantages and disadvantages of different modalities of TRT and how to monitor treatment to minimize the risks.

Results: TRT is associated with multiple benefits highly relevant to the patient. However, the recommendations given in different guidelines on TRT are based on data from a limited number of randomized controlled trials (RCTs), as well as non-randomized clinical studies and observational studies. This is the case for the safety of a long-term TRT in late-onset hypogonadism (LOH). No evidence is provided indeed on the effects of TRT on endpoints such as deterioration of heart failure suggesting a cautious approach to T replacement in older men with a history of heart failure.

Conclusion: Clinicians must consider the unique characteristics of each patient and make the necessary adjustments in the management of LOH in order to provide the safest and most beneficial results.

Keywords: androgen deficiency; hormonal therapy; late-onset hypogonadism; testosterone.

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Testosterone replacement therapy - PubMed

Increase in male hormone testosterone helps improve body composition, even in men with low testosterone levels – VA’s Office of Research and…

Posted: October 20, 2022 at 1:58 am

Testosterone therapy is used mostly by aging men with low testosterone levels but is exploited by others looking to stop the normal testosterone decline thats part of male aging. (Photo for illustrative purposes only. Getty Images/Nastasic).

October 13, 2022

By Mike RichmanVA Research Communications

"This could mean that men in some ways could derive benefit from T therapy even if their T level is not as low as defined by the Endocrine Society."

A new study finds that an increase in the male hormone testosterone helps to improve body composition, even in men with testosterone levels near the lower end of normal.

The researchers also concluded that testosterone may benefit men from a metabolic standpoint.

The results appeared in Frontiers in Endocrinology in July 2022.

Dr. Reina Villareal, an endocrinologist at the Michael E. DeBakey VA, led the study.

Dr. Reina Villareal, an endocrinologist at the Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center in Houston and a professor at the nearby Baylor College of Medicine, led the study. She, first author Dr. Fnu Deepika, and their colleagues aimed to determine if there are differences in changes in body composition, metabolic profile, and bone turnover markers and bone mineral density in response to testosterone (T) therapy. Bone mineral density is a measure of the thickness of bones, and bone turnover is the process of resorption followed by replacement by new bone with little change in shape.

Regarding the significance of the findings, Villareal says, This could mean that men in some ways could derive benefit from T therapy even if their T level is not as low as defined by the Endocrine Society, whose guideline for low T is less than 264 nanograms per deciliter (ng/dL).

However, I am not advocating to treat anyone with normal T levels for those benefits because of the serious side effects associated with T therapy, such as an increase in cardiovascular issues, blood clots, and prostate enlargement, she says. There is an ongoing randomized placebo-controlled study with over 5,000 men that is addressing the cardiovascular and prostate safety of T replacement therapy. That will likely confirm or dispute the safety concerns of T replacement therapy.

Testosterone therapy is a billion-dollar industry, with studies reaching myriad conclusions on the pros and cons of the treatment. Its used mostly by aging men with low testosterone levelsa condition called hypogonadismbut is exploited by others looking to stop the normal testosterone decline thats part of male aging and, in a sense, to relive their youth. Testosterone is a key male hormone that affects sex drive, bone mass, the production of red blood cells, and muscle size and strength.

In addition to older men, about 35% of men older than 45 and up to 50% of men withobesity or type 2 diabetes have low T levels, according to the Endocrine Society.

Plus, although not approved for obesity, testosterone therapy is becoming more popular as a possible option to deal with obesity in men. Usually, T therapy doesnt produce a change in body weight. But a redistribution in body composition involves an increase in lean or muscle mass and a reduction in body fat.

The basis for Villareals study was the finding from another study that bone mineral density (BMD) response to testosterone therapy in men with low T levels is influenced by baseline T levels. That study showed that a baseline T level of less than 200 ng/dL is linked to greater increases in spine BMD. A BMD test helps clinicians detect osteoporosis and predict risk for bone fractures.

Villareal and her colleagues set out to learn if body composition and metabolic response varies according to baseline T levels. Research has shown that these outcomes can be improved with testosterone therapy, but its unclear if response would vary according to baseline T levels.

The study consisted of 105 male Veterans, ages 40 to 74, with low testosterone levels. It was carried out from 2011 to 2016 at the Michael E. DeBakey VA and the New Mexico VA Health Care System. The authors described it as the first study to evaluate whether the effects of testosterone therapy on body composition, metabolic profile, and bone turnover markers are influenced by baseline T levels.

The researchers looked at testosterone replacement therapy for men with low T, defined as less than 300 ng/dL, the Endocrine Societys guideline until 2018. That year, its guideline was changed to less than 264 ng/dL. However, since the study was conducted before that change, some of the men who participated would have normal testosterone levels based on the new criteria.

Therapy consisted of injecting 200 milligrams every two weeks of testosterone cypionate (trade name Depo-Testosterone), an androgen and anabolic steroid used mainly to treat low T levels in men. The dose was later adjusted to a blood level of 500 to 800 ng/dL, then 300 to 600 ng/dL after the third year of the study upon the direction of the FDA. Side effects from the drug, including nausea, vomiting, and headache, were no different from what has been previously reported.

Villareal and her team found that men, regardless of their baseline testosterone level, benefited to some extent from T therapy. For instance, men with levels less than 264 ng/dL showed a greater increase at 18 months in total fat-free mass, which is mostly lean muscle mass, compared with those higher than 264 ng/dL.

Contrary to the study hypothesis, men with T levels above 264 ng/dL appeared to experience greater benefit from a metabolic standpoint, including a reduction in Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), a diabetes marker, along with a decline in blood glucose levels, which rise in people with diabetes and LDL (bad cholesterol). A decrease in leptin, supposedly an appetite suppressant, was due mostly to a drop in fat mass, which produces leptin. But that should not be construed as a negative effect of T therapy, according to Villareal.

We found that surprising, she says. Our original hypothesis was that response in these parameters will be better for those with lower testosterone levels. That did not happen, suggesting that those with normal T by the current guidelines will benefit from the drug.

However, the researchers cautioned against using testosterone to improve metabolic levels: Although prior studies have suggested improvement in insulin sensitivity in men with low T, a recommendation to give T to improve the metabolic profile remains controversial. Our findings support the partial metabolic benefit from T among men with levels of more than 264 ng/dL who, by current guidelines, will not be treated with T. Therefore, the information presented in the manuscript could be valuable for both clinicians and patients in shared decision-making.

Regarding the differences in the findings based on testosterone levels, We surmise that the better response in fat-free mass in those with lower T levels could be due to greater sensitivity of the muscle to testosterone replacement than those with higher levels, Villareal says. However, one should not forget that those with higher levels had an increase in fat-free mass, as well, only to a lesser extent compared to those with lower T levels.

On the other hand, she adds, the better metabolic response among those with higher T levels is hard to explain, except that maybe the group with less than 264 ng/dL needed more time on adequate T levels to see a significant improvement in blood sugar and other metabolic factors such as cholesterol. We are working on clarifying the reason for this finding in a lab at the Michael E. DeBakey VA.

There, Villareal and her team are pursuing a VA-funded study looking at the impact of T therapy on men who have diabetes and low testosterone levels. The researchers are also examining changes in bone structure and strength.

We hope to reach a conclusion for our findings from this cohort down the road, she says.

She and her team are interested in other outcomes, as well, noting that evidence is emerging of a link between bone metabolism and glucose metabolism, or diabetes control.

Hence, any change in bone metabolism brought about by T therapy may also be accompanied by changes in glucose metabolism, she notes. Since we are also assessing all the metabolic parameters in this study, broadly, we would like to explore if changes in bone parameters associated with T therapy will correlate with changes in metabolic parameters.

Well know more as time goes on.

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Increase in male hormone testosterone helps improve body composition, even in men with low testosterone levels - VA's Office of Research and...

Global Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) Market to Reach $40.5 Billion by 2027 – Yahoo Finance UK

Posted: October 20, 2022 at 1:58 am

ReportLinker

Abstract: What`s New for 2022? Global competitiveness and key competitor percentage market shares. Market presence across multiple geographies - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial.

New York, Oct. 19, 2022 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Reportlinker.com announces the release of the report "Global Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) Industry" - https://www.reportlinker.com/p05961363/?utm_source=GNW Online interactive peer-to-peer collaborative bespoke updatesAccess to our digital archives and MarketGlass Research PlatformComplimentary updates for one year

Global Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) Market to Reach $40.5 Billion by 2027

Amid the COVID-19 crisis, the global market for Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) estimated at US$26.6 Billion in the year 2020, is projected to reach a revised size of US$40.5 Billion by 2027, growing at a CAGR of 6.2% over the analysis period 2020-2027. Estrogen Hormone Replacement Therapy, one of the segments analyzed in the report, is projected to record a 6.3% CAGR and reach US$22.2 Billion by the end of the analysis period. After an early analysis of the business implications of the pandemic and its induced economic crisis, growth in the Human Growth Hormone Replacement Therapy segment is readjusted to a revised 7.5% CAGR for the next 7-year period.

The U.S. Market is Estimated at $7.8 Billion, While China is Forecast to Grow at 5.8% CAGR

The Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) market in the U.S. is estimated at US$7.8 Billion in the year 2020. China, the world`s second largest economy, is forecast to reach a projected market size of US$7.1 Billion by the year 2027 trailing a CAGR of 5.8% over the analysis period 2020 to 2027. Among the other noteworthy geographic markets are Japan and Canada, each forecast to grow at 5.8% and 4.7% respectively over the 2020-2027 period. Within Europe, Germany is forecast to grow at approximately 4.8% CAGR.

Testosterone Hormone Replacement Therapy Segment to Record 5.3% CAGR

In the global Testosterone Hormone Replacement Therapy segment, USA, Canada, Japan, China and Europe will drive the 5.3% CAGR estimated for this segment. These regional markets accounting for a combined market size of US$3.7 Billion in the year 2020 will reach a projected size of US$5.3 Billion by the close of the analysis period. China will remain among the fastest growing in this cluster of regional markets. Led by countries such as Australia, India, and South Korea, the market in Asia-Pacific is forecast to reach US$4.7 Billion by the year 2027.

Select Competitors (Total 47 Featured) - Abbott LaboratoriesAllergan PlcBayer AGNovartis AGNoven Pharmaceuticals Inc.Novo Nordisk A/SPfizer Inc.TherapeuticsMD Inc.

Read the full report: https://www.reportlinker.com/p05961363/?utm_source=GNW

I. METHODOLOGY

II. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1. MARKET OVERVIEWInfluencer Market InsightsWorld Market TrajectoriesImpact of Covid-19 and a Looming Global RecessionAn Introduction to Menopause and Hormone Replacement TherapyRecent Market ActivityThe HRT Controversy - An InsightNewer Studies Challenge WHI Findings and Re-establish Safety ofHRTRevised Recommendations of the NAMS and Endocrine SocietyIMS Consensus Guidelines Paving Way for More Clarity of HRTThe Regional DivideIncreasing Number of Menopausal Women - A Major Market DriverNew Bioidentical Drugs Serve Unmet Market NeedsGeneric Incursion in Hormone Replacement Therapy - List ofDrugs With and Without Approved Generic VersionsIntense Competition Marks the Global HRT MarketThe Premarin SagaEstrace Cream Drives Revenue Gains in Allergan?s HRT PortfolioHormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) - Global Key CompetitorsPercentage Market Share in 2022 (E)Competitive Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial forPlayers Worldwide in 2022 (E)

2. FOCUS ON SELECT PLAYERSAbbott Laboratories (USA)Allergan Plc (Ireland)Bayer AG (Germany)Noven Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (USA)Novartis AG(Switzerland)Novo Nordisk A/S (Denmark)Orion Pharma AB (Finland)Pfizer, Inc. (USA)TherapeuticsMD, Inc. (USA)

3. MARKET TRENDS & DRIVERSUnmet Needs in Combination Therapies for HRT drive Research forNew MedicinesTopical Estrogens - More Safe and EffectiveTransdermal HRT Products Present Exciting OpportunitiesPhytoestrogens - The New Panacea for Menopausal Symptoms?Diet Link to Menopause Symptoms Raises InterestImpact of Soy and Other Phytoestrogens - A Reality CheckEstroG - A Successful Herbal Health Supplement in AlleviatingMenopausal SymptomsThe Growing Buzz around Bioidentical DrugsBio-identical Hormones - A Natural and Safe Substitute toSynthetic HRT?Pellet Therapy - A New Innovation Downsizes Conventional Issueswith Bioidentical HRTDirect-to-Consumer Advertising for HRT - A Mixed BagEstriol: The Next Generation Estrogen Therapy?What Makes Estriol Work?Topical Estriol - More Promising in SafetyEstriol - Used More Commonly Outside the USEntry of Generics Threatens Market Growth ProspectsAre Non-Hormonal Therapies A Threat to HRT?Earlier Failures Induce Lethargy in Non-Hormonal Therapies

4. GLOBAL MARKET PERSPECTIVETable 1: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis forHormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) by Geographic Region - USA,Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of WorldMarkets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Millionfor Years 2020 through 2027 and % CAGR

Table 2: World Historic Review for Hormone Replacement Therapy(HRT) by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe,Asia-Pacific and Rest of World Markets - Independent Analysisof Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2012 through 2019 and% CAGR

Table 3: World 15-Year Perspective for Hormone ReplacementTherapy (HRT) by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown ofValue Sales for USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacificand Rest of World Markets for Years 2012, 2021 & 2027

Table 4: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis forEstrogen Hormone Replacement Therapy by Geographic Region -USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest ofWorld Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$Million for Years 2020 through 2027 and % CAGR

Table 5: World Historic Review for Estrogen Hormone ReplacementTherapy by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China,Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World Markets - IndependentAnalysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2012 through2019 and % CAGR

Table 6: World 15-Year Perspective for Estrogen HormoneReplacement Therapy by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdownof Value Sales for USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe,Asia-Pacific and Rest of World for Years 2012, 2021 & 2027

Table 7: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for HumanGrowth Hormone Replacement Therapy by Geographic Region - USA,Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of WorldMarkets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Millionfor Years 2020 through 2027 and % CAGR

Table 8: World Historic Review for Human Growth HormoneReplacement Therapy by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan,China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World Markets -Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years2012 through 2019 and % CAGR

Table 9: World 15-Year Perspective for Human Growth HormoneReplacement Therapy by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdownof Value Sales for USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe,Asia-Pacific and Rest of World for Years 2012, 2021 & 2027

Table 10: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis forTestosterone Hormone Replacement Therapy by Geographic Region -USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest ofWorld Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$Million for Years 2020 through 2027 and % CAGR

Table 11: World Historic Review for Testosterone HormoneReplacement Therapy by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan,China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World Markets -Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years2012 through 2019 and % CAGR

Table 12: World 15-Year Perspective for Testosterone HormoneReplacement Therapy by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdownof Value Sales for USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe,Asia-Pacific and Rest of World for Years 2012, 2021 & 2027

Table 13: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis forThyroid Hormone Replacement Therapy by Geographic Region - USA,Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of WorldMarkets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Millionfor Years 2020 through 2027 and % CAGR

Table 14: World Historic Review for Thyroid Hormone ReplacementTherapy by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China,Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World Markets - IndependentAnalysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2012 through2019 and % CAGR

Table 15: World 15-Year Perspective for Thyroid HormoneReplacement Therapy by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdownof Value Sales for USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe,Asia-Pacific and Rest of World for Years 2012, 2021 & 2027

Table 16: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis forMenopause by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China,Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World Markets - IndependentAnalysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2020 through2027 and % CAGR

Table 17: World Historic Review for Menopause by GeographicRegion - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific andRest of World Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales inUS$ Million for Years 2012 through 2019 and % CAGR

Table 18: World 15-Year Perspective for Menopause by GeographicRegion - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for USA, Canada,Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World for Years2012, 2021 & 2027

Table 19: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for MaleHypogonadism by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China,Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World Markets - IndependentAnalysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2020 through2027 and % CAGR

Table 20: World Historic Review for Male Hypogonadism byGeographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe,Asia-Pacific and Rest of World Markets - Independent Analysisof Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2012 through 2019 and% CAGR

Table 21: World 15-Year Perspective for Male Hypogonadism byGeographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales forUSA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest ofWorld for Years 2012, 2021 & 2027

Table 22: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis forGrowth Hormone Deficiency by Geographic Region - USA, Canada,Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World Markets -Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years2020 through 2027 and % CAGR

Table 23: World Historic Review for Growth Hormone Deficiencyby Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe,Asia-Pacific and Rest of World Markets - Independent Analysisof Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2012 through 2019 and% CAGR

Table 24: World 15-Year Perspective for Growth HormoneDeficiency by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of ValueSales for USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific andRest of World for Years 2012, 2021 & 2027

Table 25: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis forHypothyroidism by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan,China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World Markets -Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years2020 through 2027 and % CAGR

Table 26: World Historic Review for Hypothyroidism byGeographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe,Asia-Pacific and Rest of World Markets - Independent Analysisof Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2012 through 2019 and% CAGR

Table 27: World 15-Year Perspective for Hypothyroidism byGeographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales forUSA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest ofWorld for Years 2012, 2021 & 2027

Table 28: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis forOther Type of Diseases by Geographic Region - USA, Canada,Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World Markets -Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years2020 through 2027 and % CAGR

Table 29: World Historic Review for Other Type of Diseases byGeographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe,Asia-Pacific and Rest of World Markets - Independent Analysisof Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2012 through 2019 and% CAGR

Table 30: World 15-Year Perspective for Other Type of Diseasesby Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales forUSA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest ofWorld for Years 2012, 2021 & 2027

Table 31: World Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) MarketAnalysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2012 through2027

III. MARKET ANALYSIS

UNITED STATESHormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in the United Statesfor 2022 (E)Table 32: USA Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis forHormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) by Product - Estrogen HormoneReplacement Therapy, Human Growth Hormone Replacement Therapy,Testosterone Hormone Replacement Therapy and Thyroid HormoneReplacement Therapy - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales inUS$ Million for the Years 2020 through 2027 and % CAGR

Table 33: USA Historic Review for Hormone Replacement Therapy(HRT) by Product - Estrogen Hormone Replacement Therapy, HumanGrowth Hormone Replacement Therapy, Testosterone HormoneReplacement Therapy and Thyroid Hormone Replacement TherapyMarkets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Millionfor Years 2012 through 2019 and % CAGR

Table 34: USA 15-Year Perspective for Hormone ReplacementTherapy (HRT) by Product - Percentage Breakdown of Value Salesfor Estrogen Hormone Replacement Therapy, Human Growth HormoneReplacement Therapy, Testosterone Hormone Replacement Therapyand Thyroid Hormone Replacement Therapy for the Years 2012,2021 & 2027

Table 35: USA Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis forHormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) by Type of Disease -Menopause, Male Hypogonadism, Growth Hormone Deficiency,Hypothyroidism and Other Type of Diseases - IndependentAnalysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2020through 2027 and % CAGR

Table 36: USA Historic Review for Hormone Replacement Therapy(HRT) by Type of Disease - Menopause, Male Hypogonadism, GrowthHormone Deficiency, Hypothyroidism and Other Type of DiseasesMarkets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Millionfor Years 2012 through 2019 and % CAGR

Table 37: USA 15-Year Perspective for Hormone ReplacementTherapy (HRT) by Type of Disease - Percentage Breakdown ofValue Sales for Menopause, Male Hypogonadism, Growth HormoneDeficiency, Hypothyroidism and Other Type of Diseases for theYears 2012, 2021 & 2027

CANADATable 38: Canada Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis forHormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) by Product - Estrogen HormoneReplacement Therapy, Human Growth Hormone Replacement Therapy,Testosterone Hormone Replacement Therapy and Thyroid HormoneReplacement Therapy - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales inUS$ Million for the Years 2020 through 2027 and % CAGR

Table 39: Canada Historic Review for Hormone ReplacementTherapy (HRT) by Product - Estrogen Hormone ReplacementTherapy, Human Growth Hormone Replacement Therapy, TestosteroneHormone Replacement Therapy and Thyroid Hormone ReplacementTherapy Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$Million for Years 2012 through 2019 and % CAGR

Table 40: Canada 15-Year Perspective for Hormone ReplacementTherapy (HRT) by Product - Percentage Breakdown of Value Salesfor Estrogen Hormone Replacement Therapy, Human Growth HormoneReplacement Therapy, Testosterone Hormone Replacement Therapyand Thyroid Hormone Replacement Therapy for the Years 2012,2021 & 2027

Table 41: Canada Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis forHormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) by Type of Disease -Menopause, Male Hypogonadism, Growth Hormone Deficiency,Hypothyroidism and Other Type of Diseases - IndependentAnalysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2020through 2027 and % CAGR

Table 42: Canada Historic Review for Hormone ReplacementTherapy (HRT) by Type of Disease - Menopause, MaleHypogonadism, Growth Hormone Deficiency, Hypothyroidism andOther Type of Diseases Markets - Independent Analysis of AnnualSales in US$ Million for Years 2012 through 2019 and % CAGR

Table 43: Canada 15-Year Perspective for Hormone ReplacementTherapy (HRT) by Type of Disease - Percentage Breakdown ofValue Sales for Menopause, Male Hypogonadism, Growth HormoneDeficiency, Hypothyroidism and Other Type of Diseases for theYears 2012, 2021 & 2027

JAPANHormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in Japan for 2022 (E)Table 44: Japan Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis forHormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) by Product - Estrogen HormoneReplacement Therapy, Human Growth Hormone Replacement Therapy,Testosterone Hormone Replacement Therapy and Thyroid HormoneReplacement Therapy - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales inUS$ Million for the Years 2020 through 2027 and % CAGR

Table 45: Japan Historic Review for Hormone Replacement Therapy(HRT) by Product - Estrogen Hormone Replacement Therapy, HumanGrowth Hormone Replacement Therapy, Testosterone HormoneReplacement Therapy and Thyroid Hormone Replacement TherapyMarkets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Millionfor Years 2012 through 2019 and % CAGR

Table 46: Japan 15-Year Perspective for Hormone ReplacementTherapy (HRT) by Product - Percentage Breakdown of Value Salesfor Estrogen Hormone Replacement Therapy, Human Growth HormoneReplacement Therapy, Testosterone Hormone Replacement Therapyand Thyroid Hormone Replacement Therapy for the Years 2012,2021 & 2027

Table 47: Japan Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis forHormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) by Type of Disease -Menopause, Male Hypogonadism, Growth Hormone Deficiency,Hypothyroidism and Other Type of Diseases - IndependentAnalysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2020through 2027 and % CAGR

Table 48: Japan Historic Review for Hormone Replacement Therapy(HRT) by Type of Disease - Menopause, Male Hypogonadism, GrowthHormone Deficiency, Hypothyroidism and Other Type of DiseasesMarkets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Millionfor Years 2012 through 2019 and % CAGR

Table 49: Japan 15-Year Perspective for Hormone ReplacementTherapy (HRT) by Type of Disease - Percentage Breakdown ofValue Sales for Menopause, Male Hypogonadism, Growth HormoneDeficiency, Hypothyroidism and Other Type of Diseases for theYears 2012, 2021 & 2027

CHINAHormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in China for 2022 (E)Table 50: China Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis forHormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) by Product - Estrogen HormoneReplacement Therapy, Human Growth Hormone Replacement Therapy,Testosterone Hormone Replacement Therapy and Thyroid HormoneReplacement Therapy - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales inUS$ Million for the Years 2020 through 2027 and % CAGR

Table 51: China Historic Review for Hormone Replacement Therapy(HRT) by Product - Estrogen Hormone Replacement Therapy, HumanGrowth Hormone Replacement Therapy, Testosterone HormoneReplacement Therapy and Thyroid Hormone Replacement TherapyMarkets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Millionfor Years 2012 through 2019 and % CAGR

Table 52: China 15-Year Perspective for Hormone ReplacementTherapy (HRT) by Product - Percentage Breakdown of Value Salesfor Estrogen Hormone Replacement Therapy, Human Growth HormoneReplacement Therapy, Testosterone Hormone Replacement Therapyand Thyroid Hormone Replacement Therapy for the Years 2012,2021 & 2027

Table 53: China Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis forHormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) by Type of Disease -Menopause, Male Hypogonadism, Growth Hormone Deficiency,Hypothyroidism and Other Type of Diseases - IndependentAnalysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2020through 2027 and % CAGR

Table 54: China Historic Review for Hormone Replacement Therapy(HRT) by Type of Disease - Menopause, Male Hypogonadism, GrowthHormone Deficiency, Hypothyroidism and Other Type of DiseasesMarkets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Millionfor Years 2012 through 2019 and % CAGR

Table 55: China 15-Year Perspective for Hormone ReplacementTherapy (HRT) by Type of Disease - Percentage Breakdown ofValue Sales for Menopause, Male Hypogonadism, Growth HormoneDeficiency, Hypothyroidism and Other Type of Diseases for theYears 2012, 2021 & 2027

EUROPEHormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in Europe for 2022 (E)Table 56: Europe Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis forHormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) by Geographic Region -France, Germany, Italy, UK and Rest of Europe Markets -Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years2020 through 2027 and % CAGR

Table 57: Europe Historic Review for Hormone ReplacementTherapy (HRT) by Geographic Region - France, Germany, Italy, UKand Rest of Europe Markets - Independent Analysis of AnnualSales in US$ Million for Years 2012 through 2019 and % CAGR

Table 58: Europe 15-Year Perspective for Hormone ReplacementTherapy (HRT) by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown ofValue Sales for France, Germany, Italy, UK and Rest of EuropeMarkets for Years 2012, 2021 & 2027

Table 59: Europe Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis forHormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) by Product - Estrogen HormoneReplacement Therapy, Human Growth Hormone Replacement Therapy,Testosterone Hormone Replacement Therapy and Thyroid HormoneReplacement Therapy - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales inUS$ Million for the Years 2020 through 2027 and % CAGR

Table 60: Europe Historic Review for Hormone ReplacementTherapy (HRT) by Product - Estrogen Hormone ReplacementTherapy, Human Growth Hormone Replacement Therapy, TestosteroneHormone Replacement Therapy and Thyroid Hormone ReplacementTherapy Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$Million for Years 2012 through 2019 and % CAGR

Table 61: Europe 15-Year Perspective for Hormone ReplacementTherapy (HRT) by Product - Percentage Breakdown of Value Salesfor Estrogen Hormone Replacement Therapy, Human Growth HormoneReplacement Therapy, Testosterone Hormone Replacement Therapyand Thyroid Hormone Replacement Therapy for the Years 2012,2021 & 2027

Table 62: Europe Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis forHormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) by Type of Disease -Menopause, Male Hypogonadism, Growth Hormone Deficiency,Hypothyroidism and Other Type of Diseases - IndependentAnalysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2020through 2027 and % CAGR

Table 63: Europe Historic Review for Hormone ReplacementTherapy (HRT) by Type of Disease - Menopause, MaleHypogonadism, Growth Hormone Deficiency, Hypothyroidism andOther Type of Diseases Markets - Independent Analysis of AnnualSales in US$ Million for Years 2012 through 2019 and % CAGR

Table 64: Europe 15-Year Perspective for Hormone ReplacementTherapy (HRT) by Type of Disease - Percentage Breakdown ofValue Sales for Menopause, Male Hypogonadism, Growth HormoneDeficiency, Hypothyroidism and Other Type of Diseases for theYears 2012, 2021 & 2027

FRANCEHormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in France for 2022 (E)Table 65: France Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis forHormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) by Product - Estrogen HormoneReplacement Therapy, Human Growth Hormone Replacement Therapy,Testosterone Hormone Replacement Therapy and Thyroid HormoneReplacement Therapy - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales inUS$ Million for the Years 2020 through 2027 and % CAGR

Table 66: France Historic Review for Hormone ReplacementTherapy (HRT) by Product - Estrogen Hormone ReplacementTherapy, Human Growth Hormone Replacement Therapy, TestosteroneHormone Replacement Therapy and Thyroid Hormone ReplacementTherapy Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$Million for Years 2012 through 2019 and % CAGR

Table 67: France 15-Year Perspective for Hormone ReplacementTherapy (HRT) by Product - Percentage Breakdown of Value Salesfor Estrogen Hormone Replacement Therapy, Human Growth HormoneReplacement Therapy, Testosterone Hormone Replacement Therapyand Thyroid Hormone Replacement Therapy for the Years 2012,2021 & 2027

Table 68: France Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis forHormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) by Type of Disease -Menopause, Male Hypogonadism, Growth Hormone Deficiency,Hypothyroidism and Other Type of Diseases - IndependentAnalysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2020through 2027 and % CAGR

Table 69: France Historic Review for Hormone ReplacementTherapy (HRT) by Type of Disease - Menopause, MaleHypogonadism, Growth Hormone Deficiency, Hypothyroidism andOther Type of Diseases Markets - Independent Analysis of AnnualSales in US$ Million for Years 2012 through 2019 and % CAGR

Table 70: France 15-Year Perspective for Hormone ReplacementTherapy (HRT) by Type of Disease - Percentage Breakdown ofValue Sales for Menopause, Male Hypogonadism, Growth HormoneDeficiency, Hypothyroidism and Other Type of Diseases for theYears 2012, 2021 & 2027

GERMANYHormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in Germany for 2022 (E)Table 71: Germany Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis forHormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) by Product - Estrogen HormoneReplacement Therapy, Human Growth Hormone Replacement Therapy,Testosterone Hormone Replacement Therapy and Thyroid HormoneReplacement Therapy - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales inUS$ Million for the Years 2020 through 2027 and % CAGR

Table 72: Germany Historic Review for Hormone ReplacementTherapy (HRT) by Product - Estrogen Hormone ReplacementTherapy, Human Growth Hormone Replacement Therapy, TestosteroneHormone Replacement Therapy and Thyroid Hormone ReplacementTherapy Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$Million for Years 2012 through 2019 and % CAGR

Table 73: Germany 15-Year Perspective for Hormone ReplacementTherapy (HRT) by Product - Percentage Breakdown of Value Salesfor Estrogen Hormone Replacement Therapy, Human Growth HormoneReplacement Therapy, Testosterone Hormone Replacement Therapyand Thyroid Hormone Replacement Therapy for the Years 2012,2021 & 2027

Table 74: Germany Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis forHormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) by Type of Disease -Menopause, Male Hypogonadism, Growth Hormone Deficiency,Hypothyroidism and Other Type of Diseases - IndependentAnalysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2020through 2027 and % CAGR

Table 75: Germany Historic Review for Hormone ReplacementTherapy (HRT) by Type of Disease - Menopause, MaleHypogonadism, Growth Hormone Deficiency, Hypothyroidism andOther Type of Diseases Markets - Independent Analysis of AnnualSales in US$ Million for Years 2012 through 2019 and % CAGR

Table 76: Germany 15-Year Perspective for Hormone ReplacementTherapy (HRT) by Type of Disease - Percentage Breakdown ofValue Sales for Menopause, Male Hypogonadism, Growth HormoneDeficiency, Hypothyroidism and Other Type of Diseases for theYears 2012, 2021 & 2027

ITALYTable 77: Italy Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis forHormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) by Product - Estrogen HormoneReplacement Therapy, Human Growth Hormone Replacement Therapy,Testosterone Hormone Replacement Therapy and Thyroid HormoneReplacement Therapy - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales inUS$ Million for the Years 2020 through 2027 and % CAGR

Table 78: Italy Historic Review for Hormone Replacement Therapy(HRT) by Product - Estrogen Hormone Replacement Therapy, HumanGrowth Hormone Replacement Therapy, Testosterone HormoneReplacement Therapy and Thyroid Hormone Replacement TherapyMarkets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Millionfor Years 2012 through 2019 and % CAGR

Table 79: Italy 15-Year Perspective for Hormone ReplacementTherapy (HRT) by Product - Percentage Breakdown of Value Salesfor Estrogen Hormone Replacement Therapy, Human Growth HormoneReplacement Therapy, Testosterone Hormone Replacement Therapyand Thyroid Hormone Replacement Therapy for the Years 2012,2021 & 2027

Table 80: Italy Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis forHormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) by Type of Disease -Menopause, Male Hypogonadism, Growth Hormone Deficiency,Hypothyroidism and Other Type of Diseases - IndependentAnalysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2020through 2027 and % CAGR

Table 81: Italy Historic Review for Hormone Replacement Therapy(HRT) by Type of Disease - Menopause, Male Hypogonadism, GrowthHormone Deficiency, Hypothyroidism and Other Type of DiseasesMarkets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Millionfor Years 2012 through 2019 and % CAGR

Table 82: Italy 15-Year Perspective for Hormone ReplacementTherapy (HRT) by Type of Disease - Percentage Breakdown ofValue Sales for Menopause, Male Hypogonadism, Growth HormoneDeficiency, Hypothyroidism and Other Type of Diseases for theYears 2012, 2021 & 2027

UNITED KINGDOMHormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in the United Kingdomfor 2022 (E)Table 83: UK Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for HormoneReplacement Therapy (HRT) by Product - Estrogen HormoneReplacement Therapy, Human Growth Hormone Replacement Therapy,Testosterone Hormone Replacement Therapy and Thyroid HormoneReplacement Therapy - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales inUS$ Million for the Years 2020 through 2027 and % CAGR

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Global Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) Market to Reach $40.5 Billion by 2027 - Yahoo Finance UK

Nicotine and estrogen: Why it’s harder for women to quit smoking – Medical News Today

Posted: October 20, 2022 at 1:58 am

Men are more likely to start using tobacco products. However, women who start the habit are less successful at stopping.

Women also relapse more and seem to be more resistant to smoking cessation strategies.

In vitro and animal studies have shown that nicotine can impede the production of an enzyme that regulates estrogen production.

Researchers at Uppsala University in Uppsala, Sweden discovered that the effect happens in the thalamus, which is part of the brains limbic system. The limbic system is a key component of the temporal lobe which is involved with emotion and motivation.

Lead researcher Dr. Erika Comasco, an associate professor in the institutions Department of Womens and Childrens Health, presented the teams findings at the 35th European College of Neuropsychopharmacology annual conference in Vienna on October 16, 2022.

The Uppsala University researchers recruited 10 healthy females for their experiment. These women were non-smokers of reproductive age.

The participants submitted to a nicotine dose of two nasal sprays in the nostrils. They also received an injection with a radioactive tracer attached to the enzyme aromatase, also called estrogen synthase, which is responsible for estrogen synthesis.

With MRI and PET brain scans, scientists could see where and how much of the enzyme was in the brain. They noted high levels of estrogen synthase in the thalamus, hypothalamus, and amygdala regions of the brain.

The team discovered that nicotine exposure moderately reduced the amount of aromatase in the brain.

The researchers believe that their study is the first to show this inhibitory effect on aromatase production [] in humans.

For the first time, we can see that nicotine works to shuts down the estrogen production mechanism in the brain of women. We were surprised to see that this effect could be seen even with a single dose of nicotine, equivalent to just one cigarette, showing how powerful the effects of smoking are on a womans brain. Dr. Erika Comasco

Dr. Comasco said that her teams findings indicate that nicotines influence on estrogen production has a significant impact on the brain, but perhaps also on other functions, such as the reproductive system [].

Medical News Today discussed this study with Dr. Sandra Narayanan, board certified vascular neurologist and neurointerventional surgeon at Pacific Stroke & Neurovascular Center at Pacific Neuroscience Institute in Santa Monica, CA, who was not involved in the research.

Dr. Narayanan explained how sex hormone levels tie into nicotine addiction.

Not only is there less circulating estrogen [ but] cigarette smoking raises the levels of circulating testosterone (androgens) in women, and hyperandrogenemia (high levels of androgens) is associated with reduced quitting success in women. Dr. Sandra Narayanan

There is a large body of evidence suggesting a negative effect of cigarette smoking and the associated chemicals on the female as well as male reproductive systems, said Dr. Narayanan.

In women, this spans hormone secretion, metabolism, direct toxicity to eggs, ovulation, placental growth and health, fertility (including, specifically, risk of an ectopic pregnancy), rate of miscarriage, decreased fetal oxygen levels with the accumulation of carboxyhemoglobin, and fetal endocrine imbalances, she elaborated.

The Uppsala scientists acknowledged a few limitations pertaining to her research. Since their experiment involved a small population, they hope to obtain a larger sample to confirm their results.

However, Dr. Comasco maintained that the results are in line with the hypothesis, based on preclinical and animal studies.

MNT asked Dr. Comasco if using actual cigarettes would have had a different effect on estrogen production than the nasal nicotine application.

The only difference could be in [terms] of concentration and bioavailability levelsthe proportion that reaches systemic circulationas measured in blood that would be higher for the cigarette. This means that the spray had led to blunted results, and a stronger effect is expected when considering cigarettes, as demonstrated in baboons exposed to a higher dose, she said.

MNT also asked Dr. Comasco if secondhand smoke would reduce estrogen levels.

It can be expected that exposure to nicotine through passive smoking will block the enzyme responsible for the synthesis of estrogen, she said.

However, she said that the dose would be too low to detect with the current methodology.

Dr. Comasco pointed out that women show greater vulnerability for heritability of smoking and are at greater risk of developing primary smoking-related illnesses, such as lung cancer and heart attacks.

Now, her teams challenge is to find out if nicotines impact on the hormonal system is involved in the development of such reactions.

Dr. Comasco stressed that this research is still in its preliminary stages:

Were still not sure what the behavioral or cognitive outcomes are; only that nicotine acts on this area of the brain. However, we note that the affected brain system is a target for addictive drugs, such as nicotine.

Dr. Narayanans tips for breaking the smoking habit include setting a quit date and a specific plan. She said that having supporting partners at home, in the workplace, and with healthcare professionals are vital for success.

The neurologist suggested cutting back on cigarettes slowly:

Starting with a fixed daily number of cigarettes and reducing weekly can also help smokers gain control over the quitting process and bring it to a close by a certain date.

She advised asking healthcare providers about nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) but cautioned that is a temporary and potentially addictive tool.

Healthy eating and exercise can help reduce the stress of quitting, Dr. Narayanan said.

She also mentioned that relapses do happen: Its important to get back on the wagon and stick with it for the enormous early and sustained benefits of smoking cessation to nearly every system in the body.

Would-be quitters can also check out the American Heart Association and the American Cancer Society websites for more resources and tips on how to quit smoking.

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Nicotine and estrogen: Why it's harder for women to quit smoking - Medical News Today

What Is The Dukan DietAnd Is It Effective? – Forbes

Posted: October 20, 2022 at 1:57 am

The Dukan Diet is split into four phases that vary in terms of duration, how much weight you can expect to lose and which foods you should eat and avoid.

The first phase of the diet is the shortest and most restrictive. Depending on your goals, this phase lasts between two to seven days and could result in two to eight pounds of weight loss, according to the diet program.

However, rapid weight loss isnt necessarily a good thing, according to Brittany Lubeck, a registered dietitian and nutrition consultant for Oh So Spotless in Fort Collins, Colorado. In addition to being harmful and potentially unsafe, Lubeck also notes that it can increase the risk of weight regain in the future.

Only around 68 pure protein foods are permitted during this phase, which includes items like lean meat, poultry and fish. Additionally, its recommended to consume 1.5 tablespoons of oat bran and aim for 20 minutes of physical activity per day, which can help contribute to weight loss, according to the plan.

The Cruise phase lasts until you reach your True Weight, which is a healthy weight that youre able to maintain based on your age, sex, height and weight loss history, according to the programs website. Dieters can expect to lose around two pounds per week during this phase, according to the site.

In addition to the 68 high-protein foods that are permitted during the first phase, followers can also enjoy 32 vegetables, including asparagus, kale and broccoli, shirataki noodles and limited quantities of olive oil, goji berries and wheat gluten. It also encourages you to eat 2 tablespoons of oat bran and exercise for 30 minutes daily.

The Consolidation phase aims to prevent weight regain by gradually reincorporating forbidden foods, such as fruits and starchy vegetables, back into your diet and allowing you to enjoy up to two celebration meals per week, which may consist of an appetizer, entre and dessert with one glass of wine.

Dieters follow this phase for five days for each pound of weight they lost during the Cruise phase. You should also consume two tablespoons of oat bran, exercise 25 minutes per day and eat only lean proteins one day per week.

The Stabilization phase is intended to be followed indefinitely once youve reached your weight goal, and allows you to add any forbidden foods back into your diet. During this phase, there are no restrictions on which foods you can eat.

The only rules for this phase are to continue eating only high-protein foods one day per week, walk for 20 minutes daily and consume 3 tablespoons of oat bran per day, which can help maintain weight loss, according to the plan. Indeed, an emphasis on whole foods and moderate exercise has been shown to be beneficial for weight loss over time.

Experts note what separates this diet from other, similar eating plans is the incorporation of off- limit food items back into the diet. However, they caveat that the diet does not take into account busy lifestyles or social events that may not make it suitable for many.

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What Is The Dukan DietAnd Is It Effective? - Forbes

Are Low-Carb Diets Effective? Here’s What You Need To Know – Forbes

Posted: October 20, 2022 at 1:57 am

In addition to their role in providing energy, carbs also help regulate blood sugar, insulin metabolism and support cholesterol and triglyceride metabolism. When there is an overabundance of carbohydrates in the diet, these bodily functions can be thrown out of whack.

Dietary carbs can be divided into the following categories:

Dietary guidelines recommend individuals fill 45-65% of their diet with carbohydrates, with a focus on having an optimal fiber intake and limiting simple carbs.

Low-carb diets typically provide around 20 to 130 grams of carbs per day and anywhere from less than 10% to 44% of calories from carbs. Some of the more popular low-carb diets include the following:

Keto diets typically include 20 to 50 grams of carbs per day. [This] diet gained attention in the early 20th century when physicians discovered the beneficial effects of carb restriction on the symptoms of epilepsy in children, therefore, these diets were used for the treatment of epilepsy, says Alma Simmons, a registered dietitian nutritionist and maternal fetal medicine dietitian and diabetes educator at Ohio Health Hospital. However, when people started realizing that low- carb diets could also help with weight loss, the popularity increased drastically, she adds.

The goal of the keto diet is to induce ketosis. Typically, the body prefers carbs as its main fuel source, but when there arent enough carbs available, the body is forced to burn stored fat for energy. Ketosis is the name of this fat-burning process.

Its important to note that a keto diet designed for an individual living with epilepsy is quite different from one designed for someone who does not have the condition. Most notably, individuals with epilepsy are routinely advised to go on a more restrictive, very high fat diet so their body goes into ketosis quickly.

Established in 1972 alongside Dr. Robert Atkins book Dr. Atkins Diet Revolution, this diet is based on the idea that a low carb intakeas opposed to the conventional low calorie dietis superior for weight loss. Today, there are variations of the Atkins diet, ranging from 20 to 100 grams of carbs per day. Typically, the Atkins diet is less restrictive when it comes to fruits and vegetables, which may make it a good choice for increased consumption of vitamins and minerals.

Proponents of the paleo diet claim that the foods eaten by hunter-gatherer groups from the Paleolithic era are best for human health. The diet contains about 25% carbs and excludes all grains, legumes, dairy, sugar and processed foods.

Different people may respond differently to low carb diets; just because a certain low carb diet works for one person really well (i.e quicker weight loss), doesnt mean it will work the same way for another persona distinction often due to genetics. Additionally, individuals living with extra weight and obesity may find that it takes them longer to reach ketosis than individuals who are not living with those conditions.

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Are Low-Carb Diets Effective? Here's What You Need To Know - Forbes

Expert Voices: Diet and Nutrition for People With Parkinson’s… – Parkinson’s News Today

Posted: October 20, 2022 at 1:57 am

In this installment of our Expert Voices series, Parkinsons News Today asked Christine C. Ferguson, PhD, to answer some of your questions about diet and nutrition for people with Parkinsons disease.

Ferguson is a registered dietitian (RD) and postdoctoral scholar at the University of Alabama at Birmingham, and nutrition research coordinator at the National Center on Health, Physical Activity and Disability. She earned her PhD in human nutrition from the University of Alabama. She has experience working in the clinical setting as an RD, instructing emerging RDs and health professionals in the academic setting, and educating the community of people with disabilities, including those with Parkinsons disease, through organizations such as NCHPAD, the Michael J. Fox Foundation, the Tanner Foundation, and the Parkinson Association of Alabama.

Christine C. Ferguson holds a PhD in human nutrition and is a registered dietitian whos assisted many Parkinsons nonprofits in nutrition education. (Photo courtesy of Christine Ferguson)

There are several diets that are being investigated in Parkinson disease, and it is challenging to recommend a particular diet when this area of research is still new. Since there is not one diet recommended for people with Parkinsons, taking an individualized approach under the guidance of a registered dietitian is advised.

What we do know is that a varied, whole food, plant-based diet is considered a healthy dietary pattern for most individuals, including those with Parkinsons. Plant-based does not mean it is exclusively vegetarian or vegan, but there is a special emphasis on getting most of your nutrients from plant sources rather than animal products.

There is compelling evidence to support recommending diets such as the Mediterranean diet and the Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND) diet, but there is not conclusive research at this time to support these diets in slowing disease progression. Yet, these are both plant-based diets that have evidence to support their prevention of cardiovascular disease and cognitive decline, which is often a priority of people with Parkinson disease.

I usually express concern with any diets or meal plans that recommend cutting out entire food groups, purchasing expensive supplements and packets, and offering quick results. Unfortunately, there is no magic pill or detox treatment that will produce miraculous results in a short timeframe.

A more specific diet I am hesitant to promote is the ketogenic diet, which is a very high-fat and low-carbohydrate diet. From a biochemical perspective, there is evidence to support that aketogenic diet may offer neuroprotective benefits, but there is no data to support any long-term benefit in people with Parkinsons. From a practical perspective, following a true ketogenic diet is challenging to adhere to and even more so to sustain. There are key nutrients from fruits, vegetables, and whole grains that will be missed when cutting back carbohydrates to the degree that it requires. For anyone who is considering this diet, I always recommend they be monitored by a healthcare professional.

A specific food-medication interaction surprised me, and it is the interaction of protein and medications with levodopa (e.g., Sinemet, Rytary, Duopa, Parcopa). Essentially, when someone takes their levodopa medicine simultaneously with food that contains protein, there is the possibility that they are not able to absorb all of their medication. This is due to them needing the same transporter in the small intestine (like needing to use the same door), but the body will choose to absorb protein over the levodopa. The consequence of this can be that the levodopa is not fully absorbed, part of it is excreted, and the person with Parkinsons can experience more side effects since their medication is not working effectively.

What continues to surprise me about this interaction is that it is still not fully understood. Not every person with Parkinsons experiences an increase in symptoms (referred to as off times) after taking their medication when eating food with protein, but we do not know why some people experience it and others do not. There is also evidence to suggest this interaction is not just happening in the small intestine. Rather, it may occur at various other locations within the body, including the blood-brain barrier. There is still a lot more to learn about exactly how protein and this type of medication interacts, including the most effective dietary approaches to mitigate this interaction.

I have already mentioned how protein may be important to some people with Parkinsons who take levodopa. I want to also add that protein is still important for people with Parkinsons because as we all age, we gradually lose muscle mass. Consuming enough protein is needed in order to maintain muscle, physical function, and the ability to perform daily activities.

With vitamins and minerals, there are specific ones that have been studied in relation to Parkinsons. I will add the disclaimer here that it is preferred to get these nutrients from food rather than supplements. If supplements are needed, they should be recommended under the advice of a health professional, especially considering how some may negatively interact with a persons medications. The supplement industry has loopholes in its regulations on quality, so discussing reputable brands with pharmacists, physicians, and/or RDs is also recommended.

Of the other nutrients that have been studied in Parkinsons, the few I will highlight here are vitamin D, Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), and fish oil. People with Parkinsons have an increased risk of vitamin D deficiency, and this may be related to the area of the brain that is affected by the disease process. Vitamin D deficiency can lead to increased risks of osteoporosis and bone fractures, so it is important to make sure you are getting enough. Food sources of vitamin D include dairy (traditional dairy alternatives, like soy, almond, oat milks, that are fortified with vitamin D are OK, too!), fortified cereals and juices, eggs, and fish (salmon, tuna, sardines have the highest amount).

CoQ10 is of interest in Parkinsons, as it acts as an antioxidant that can be neuroprotective. Its also been shown that people with Parkinsons may be deficient in CoQ10, but this is something that is checked through routine medical care. While some studies support CoQ10 supplementation in decreasing disease severity, there are inconsistent results in others. It has been shown that a moderate dose (no more than 2,400 mg/day) is not harmful to people with Parkinsons. Food sources of CoQ10 include fatty fish (salmon, tuna, mackerel, sardines) and whole grains.

I have already recommended fish intake because of it being a natural source of vitamin D and CoQ10, and I will continue to emphasis fish consumption because of it containing omega-3 fatty acids. This is a type of healthy, unsaturated fat that has been shown to be beneficial for heart and brain health. Again, consuming fish in its food form is going to be recommended over taking fish oil as a supplement. However, if a person dislikes fish, fish oil supplements of 1,000 mg is generally well-tolerated. To note, other nonfish sources of omega-3 fatty acids include ground flaxseeds, chia seeds, walnuts, and vegetable oils (olive, canola, avocado).

Building a healthy plate includes whole grains, lean proteins, fruit and vegetables, and low-fat dairy. While this may not be groundbreaking information to some, I do think we tend to overcomplicate it. You dont have to have an incredibly complex and strict diet to be healthy. Find recipes that make sense for your ability, the equipment you have access to, and what tastes good! Remember that making small changes is also key, because drastically changing your diet overnight will not be sustainable for long. Look at your average diet right now, and pick one to three things that seem simple to change. It can be something like switching from sweet tea to half sweet/unsweet tea, baking your french fries rather than frying, or eating one doughnut when you normally eat two. Building a nutrition plan can feel overwhelming, and if that is the case, I recommend finding an RD to help. You can find one near you using this link through the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, or you can ask your physician for a referral.

I will also share that people with Parkinsons and other physical disabilities are eligible to participate in an eight-week, virtual wellness program through the National Center on Health, Physical Activity and Disability called the Mindfulness, Exercise and Nutrition to Optimize Resilience (MENTOR) Program. We are able to offer this program for free, and it doesnt cost anything except your time, because it is funded through the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. I help with the nutrition component of the program, and we have excellent RDs who teach weekly classes that include cooking demonstrations with adaptive tools, and they offer free nutrition counseling during the program. The nutrition content is intended to help build a foundational understanding in nutrition, and there is not a specific diet that is pushed. In addition to the nutrition component, participants can attend an exercise class for all abilities, mindfulness classes, and group health coaching sessions. You also get some great workout equipment, too! More information can be found here.

First, I wish more people in general saw an RD. At least in the United States, RDs are not commonly a part of most peoples healthcare team, including people with Parkinson disease. There is an incredible amount of misinformation shared on the internet and social media, and it is difficult to sort through it all and determine what is credible. One of the many ways RDs can help is by clarifying this misinformation and providing practical suggestions to making healthy lifestyle changes.

Expert Voices is a monthly series involving a Q&A with an expert in the Parkinsons space about a specific topic. These topics and questions are curated from a survey in which we ask readers what they want to learn more about from experts. If youd like to submit topics or questions for consideration in a future installment of the series, clickhere to take the survey.

Parkinsons News Todayis strictly a news and information website about the disease. It does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. This content is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read on this website.

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Expert Voices: Diet and Nutrition for People With Parkinson's... - Parkinson's News Today

Vegan Diet Works Better to Relieve Menstrual Cramps Than Other Diets, New Research Finds – VegNews

Posted: October 20, 2022 at 1:57 am

Can what you eat affect menstrual cramps? A new analysis of studies related to menstrual pain (also called dysmenorrhea) suggests that diet may be a key contributor. The research shows that while diets high in inflammatory foods such as meat, oil, sugar, salt, and coffee can make the pain worse, eating vegan has been shown to tame the pain by reducing the inflammation that contributes to it. The results of the research were recently presented at the North American Menopause Society (NAMS) annual meeting in Atlanta, GA.

This research was designed to study the effect of diet on menstrual pain and identify which foods contribute to it and which can reduce it. Research was conducted through a literature review that found approximately 20 studies that examined dietary patterns that resulted in menstrual pain. They were comprised of questionnaires, randomized trials, and nested control studies.

In general terms, these studies found that diets high in omega-6 fatty acids promote inflammation and foods high in omega-3 fatty acids reduce it. Additionally, other inflammatory foods such as meat, sugar, salt, and coffee worsens cramps by increasing the prostaglandins, which constrict blood vessels in the walls of the uterus, causing cramping.

The research also shows that some foods have the opposite effect. Notably, it was found that those on a vegan diet had the lowest rates of inflammation, and eating a plant-based diet can reduce cramps long term.

The research cites a study published in scientific journal Nutrition Research, where participants were randomized to follow several different diets, from vegan to omnivore. Those on the vegan, vegetarian, or pesco-vegetarian (a vegetarian diet that includes fish) diets all had significant reductions in bodily inflammation compared to omnivore diets that include meat, although menstrual cramps were not measured directly.

Lead researcher Serah Sannoh of Rutgers University says she undertook this research in part because she wanted to find natural remedies for her own period pain. During her senior year in high school and into college, Sannoh experienced unbearable cramps during her period.

Researching the effects of diet on menstrual pain started as a search to remedy the pain I personally experienced; I wanted to understand the science behind the association, Sannoh, lead author of the research from Rutgers University, said in a statement.

According to NAMS, approximately 90 percent of adolescent girls experience menstrual pain and cramping. In some cases, the pain can be so severe that it interferes with daily life. Since menstrual pain is a leading cause of school absenteeism for adolescent girls, its important to explore options that can minimize the pain, Stephanie Faubion, MD, NAMS medical director, said in a statement. Something like diet modification could be a relatively simple solution that could provide substantial relief for them.

Sannoh hopes the research results will inspire women of all ages to make dietary changes to improve their life, especially during their menstrual cycle. I am hopeful that this research can help those who menstruate reduce the pain they experience and shed light on the importance of holistic treatment options, she said.

In addition to the potential to reduce monthly menstrual cramps, tuning into the foods that reduce inflammation can move you closer to optimal health. These foods include fruits, vegetables, whole grains, legumes, nuts, and seeds. Further research has shown that both a vegetarian and plant-based eating pattern work to decrease inflammation in the body, likely because of the high number of antioxidants found in plant foods.

Another study published in Obstetrics & Gynecology and led by Neal Barnard, MD, found that a low-fat, vegan diet significantly reduced pain and PMS for many women. The study included 33 women who followed either a low-fat vegan diet or their regular diet and then switched treatments. The diet change was designed to do two things: it eliminated all animal fats and nearly all vegetable oils, and its emphasis on plant-based foods increased the fiber in the diet.

While study participants followed the low-fat vegan diet, the intensity of their pain was significantly lower than during their regular diet. They also noticed less water retention and fewer mood swings.

Nicole Axworthy is the News Editor at VegNews and author of the cookbook DIY Vegan.

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Vegan Diet Works Better to Relieve Menstrual Cramps Than Other Diets, New Research Finds - VegNews

How All Foods Fit Transformed My Mindset and Diet – The Everygirl

Posted: October 20, 2022 at 1:57 am

Editors Note: This essay discusses eating disorders and eating disorder recovery. Please take care of yourself if those topics could be triggering.

Disclaimer: Im writing this story while sipping on a cup of hot chocolate. No, its not because Im throwing all caution to the wind when it comes to nutrition. Its also not because Ive run out of coffee. Its not even because my sugar cravings have gotten the better of me. Im drinking hot chocolate because theres a crisp chill in the Chicago air and my entire being wants to be wrapped in the comforting warmth of a cozy, chocolatey bev. In the past, I wouldve considered it an indulgence. Partaking in it wouldve been met with negative self-talk and criticism. I wouldve convinced myself to feel guilty for not opting for green tea instead.

But Ive since been introduced to the all foods fit model, and its radically changed how I view my eating habits and mindset. Ive spent years trying to heal my relationship with food. Its taken the combined efforts of therapy, medication, and educating myself on eating disorders. Yet, there was a missing piece: reframing the judgments and associations Id made with food.

The all foods fit model supports a distinctive view: Every food item can be a part of a persons daily eating plan and meal prep. Its no secret we live in a culture where labeling foods as good, bad, healthy, and unhealthy is the norm. So, its all about removing cultural meanings from foods to listen to what your body wants. You may be thinking, If I eat what I want, wont I just eat junk food all the time? While you might first crave the foods you didnt let yourself eat previously, I can confirm from experience: Variety will find its way back into your daily eating habits. When you dont label any food groups off-limits, youll begin incorporating a wider array of nutrients into your meals and snacks.

Removing restrictions is not just about mental health. Its beneficial for your physical health, too. By following this model, youll begin to trust your hunger cues again. This, in turn, becomes body wisdom. Instead of fixating on limitations, you can lean in and listen to what you need. Sometimes that might be carrots. Other times, it might be a cookie. Beauty exists in ditching the rules and letting your needs lead the way.

Though I found the all foods fit model refreshing, it was hard to let go of my ties with fad and elimination diets. Additionally, it was hard to let go of my habitual need to categorize food as good or off-limits. Below, I dive into the strategies that helped me integrate this model into my eating patterns. What worked for me may not resonate with you, and thats OK. Before you begin, remember this: Everything in life is a journey. And when it comes to something as individual as our relationship with food, consult a medical professional if there are changes youd like to make.

It took years to unpack why I had been a vegetarian for six years. It was more socially acceptable to cut out an entire food group (that my mind labeled unhealthy) in lieu of constantly turning down whole meals. With support from my therapist, I was able to see the bigger picture of how this eating patternand coming to it for the wrong reasonsbuilt a preoccupation with the foods I was cutting out. Whats more, I felt a certain uneasiness around these foods. I no longer trusted my own innate hunger cues. A seemingly simple label such as unhealthy suddenly blew up into a full-blown obsession.

I had to release the false claim that I was a vegetarian for health reasons to begin to heal my harmful view of meat. And though its taken years, Im now incorporating animal protein sources into my meals a few times a week. I encourage you to take a step back and consider the food rules youve made for yourself: Why are you cutting out or avoiding certain foods? Why do you no longer keep certain types of food in the house? If you feel uneasy or unclear about the answer to those or similar questions, it could be time to re-evaluate.

At one point or another, perfection has influenced almost every part of my lifefrom my workouts to my work to my cleaning habits. So it comes as no surprise I would let perfectionism dictate my eating habits. But I wanted to escape that feeling, and I craved a sense of freedom and ease.

By working with the all foods fit model, I accepted that while nutrition is an important need to address, foods can satisfy us in other ways, too. I began to focus on how sated and energized I felt when I had eggs, greens, and toast for breakfast. And I started to see the truth of my cravings for connection and seasonal comfort when I ate spice cake and cider on the couch with a friend. Incorporating this element of mindfulness into my meals helped me. I ate more nutrient-dense foods and chose sweets and treats that nourished me in other ways.

I began to look more closely at the critique and virtue I associated with other foods. Additionally, I noticed my language and others comments during my meals always seemed to linger with judgment. I was either good for opting for a salad or expected to feel guilty because I said yes to dessert. It became clear to me that the words we use to describe foods perpetuate the harmful narrative we place on food.

I taught myself to look outside the phrases that had been ingrained in me. So, I started to shape a new language regarding food. There was nothing more empowering than realizing that I determine how I feel about what I eat. Food became energizing and soul-soothing. It became a source of connection and conversation.

My advice: Little by little, bring awareness to the judgmental thoughts when they come up. Reflect on them and perhaps what theyre trying to tell you. An intuitive eating journal can be supportive here. Of course, its not always possible to break out a notebook every time you sit down for a meal. However, it can be an effective way to transform judgments into a more neutral, non-judgmental experience. Focus on how satiating a meal is or the aesthetic joy of diving into a dish as opposed to the caloric content or societal associations of that food. You may find that you start to trust your personal decisions around foodfrom portion size to hunger cues and everything in between.

While it took time and support, I managed to work my way up to introducing the packaged and processed foods I once feared. I had Pop-Tarts for snacks on occasion and reclaimed my dormant love of ice cream. Similar to my experience with meat, I began to notice that eating these foods more regularly led to a decrease in cravings. Plus, my bingeing habits subsided, and I trusted myself around foods I previously wouldnt have. If you notice this is an issue for you, try working with a dietitian or consulting a healthcare provider who can guide you along this challenging journey. Together, you can talk about what strategies will work best for you.

Our culture has long adopted the belief that what you eat defines who you are. Personally, I cringe at the you are what you eat adage. Lets be clear: Nothing about whats on your plate represents who you are as a person. Learning to embrace the truth that all foods can be part of your eating habits can help you jump off the fad diet wagon. Remember: Ingrained beliefs about food wont shift overnight. But little by little, as you practice the tenets of the all foods fit model, youll start to feel food freedom for yourself.

If you are struggling with an eating disorder or with disordered thoughts or behaviors regarding food and eating, please seek help. Call the National Eating Disorders Association Helpline at 1-800-931-2237 for support, reach out to a qualified medical professional, or, for a 24-hour crisis line, text NEDA to 741741.

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How All Foods Fit Transformed My Mindset and Diet - The Everygirl

Does Mediterranean diet reduce the risk of dementia? – The Indian Express

Posted: October 20, 2022 at 1:57 am

In the past many years, the Mediterranean diet has come to garner a lot of attention owing to the multitude of benefits it offers for ones health. In fact, it continues to top the US News and World Reports list of best diets in the world for the fifth consecutive year. However, a new study indicates that the Mediterranean diet, which includes a high intake of vegetables, legumes, fruits, fish, and healthy fats such as olive oil, as well as dairy products, meats, and saturated fatty acids in moderation, may not reduce the risk of cognitive decline in conditions like dementia.

Published in Neurology, the medical journal of the American Academy of Neurology, the study emphasised finding modifiable risk factors for dementia considering the cases are expected to triple during the next 30 years.The study, which followed 28,000 people from Sweden who did not have dementia at the start of the study with an average age of 58 for over a 20-year period, made participants fill out a seven-day food diary, a detailed food frequency questionnaire, and complete an interview.

The analysis suggested that at the end of the study, 1,943 people, or 6.9 per cent, were diagnosed with dementia, including Alzheimers disease and vascular dementia.

The study mentioned that researchers examined how closely the participants diets aligned with conventional dietary recommendations and the Mediterranean diet. After adjusting the basic demographics like age, gender, and education, the study did not find a link between following either a conventional diet or the Mediterranean diet and a reduced risk of dementia.

While further research in the area is needed, Nils Peters, MD, of the University of Basel in Switzerland, wrote in an editorial accompanying the study that the diet, on its own, may not have a strong enough effect on memory and thinking, but is likely one factor among others that influence the course of cognitive function. Dietary strategies will still potentially be needed along with other measures to control risk factors, he wrote.

For the unversed, Mediterranean diet is rich in healthy fats such as omega-3 fatty acids from fatty fish, walnuts, flaxseeds; antioxidants from fruits and vegetables such as berries, green leafy vegetables, tomatoes; fibre from whole grains such as whole wheat, millets, oats, lentils and legumes which may help support and protect brain health, Dr Eileen Candy, dietician, Sir HN Reliance Foundation Hospital told indianexpress.com. The high antioxidant and anti-inflammatory content of this diet provides overall protection effect against oxidative damage to blood vessels, added Dr Candy.

Even the Word Health Organisation (WHO) has recognised it as a healthy and sustainable dietary pattern. Numerous studies indicate that the Mediterranean diet can help lose weight, prevent heart attacks, strokes, type 2 diabetes, and premature death. The diet pattern, which originated in the 1960s, is known to have helped people in the Mediterranean countries by aiding against coronary heart disease as compared to the US and other parts of Europe.

Experts told this outlet that even if there is no direct relationship, a good diet always supersedes a bad, unhealthy one.

Poor nutritional intake and lack of fluids can contribute to the development and severity of delirium sometimes referred to as acute confusional state. Delirium often occurs when a person is unwell, and can lead to a rapid decline in mental state and behaviour, said Dr Priyanka Rohatgi, chief clinical dietician, Apollo Hospitals, Bangalore while emphasising that many foods such as processed meats, refined grains, sweets and desserts, excessive alcohol intake, and saturated fatty acids are risk factors for dementia and Alzheimers.

Natural and healthy eating helps to maintain better mental health and reduces the intensity of risk, so the Mediterranean diet is a good choice, noted Dr Rohatgi.

Agreed Neha Patodia, co-founder and consultant nutritionist at Nutrimend, and said that Given the lack of effective pharmaceutical treatment for common types of dementia, research interest in lifestyle modifications that could prevent, postpone or decelerate progression of dementia is growing.

A lot of studies have been conducted on the possible link between Mediterranean diet and reduced risk of dementia. The Mediterranean diet is associated with lowered risk of many diseases and a longer life span. This diet rose to popularity because of its approach being sustainable and long term, Patodia told indianexpress.com while stressing for the need for long-term randomised controlled trials are required to establish whether adherence to Mediterranean diet can prevent or delay the onset of Alzheimers disease or dementia.

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Does Mediterranean diet reduce the risk of dementia? - The Indian Express


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