When it comes to food allergies, anyone can have them and they're not dependent on family history. In addition, only about 2-3% of children under three years of age are found to have peanut, egg, and milk allergies, according to the Prevent Allergies Organization.

For first-time parents, or even parents who have been around the block a few times, introducing your baby to foods associated with allergens is a scary and overwhelming process. However, introducing these foods early on in life can significantly reduce the risk of developing certain food allergies by up to 80% in infants.

"Babies should be introduced to foods classically thought of as allergens around six months of age, [but] not before four months of age," says Dr. Scott H. Sicherer, M.D., professor of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, and the author of The Complete Guide to Food Allergies in Adults and Children "But over the last several years, the recommendations have been quite the opposite," he explains.

It's best for allergens to be introduced early on in a child's lifeamong the normal foods typically fed to infantsas in some cases, it may even help prevent allergies in the future and/or reveal any severe reactions that are good to catch early on. Dr. Sicherer recommends parents stop, "treating foods possibly thought of as allergens differently than any other food."

With all of this in mind, we asked the experts how to best help you understand and prepare for the day you start giving your baby foods that could contain allergens. These are the seven tips and tricks to properly, safely, and effectively introduce kids to allergens.

Step one, as we've discussed above, is to bring allergen foods into the equation as early as possible. After babies reach the four- to six-month range, you'll be able to appropriately examine their reactions to food outside of breastfeeding and/or formula. But what foods does this include exactly?

Foods that may cause an allergic reaction or intolerance are those that are or contain milk, egg, wheat, soy/soybeans, peanut, tree nuts, fish (mainly shellfish), and sometimes even sesame seeds. "It's OK for babies to be introduced to these things that are sort of allergens. And it might be even better to have it among the earlier foods they're introduced to," Dr. Sicherer says.

Multiple studies and reviews have found that introducing allergens to infants within the beginning of their first year (4-6 months) combats the development of allergies to food as the child grows up. It's also possible that if the process is delayed for too long, then there's a greater chance that a child can become allergic or more sensitive to common allergy-related foods.

"The introduction of peanut, for example, is generally recommended around six months of age, [and] not before four months," Dr. Sicherer explains. But, he says, "for babies showing signs of allergy, it might actually be given earlier in that four to six months window of time." Early attempts can allow parents to see any physical discomfort, and allergies can be spotted and then dealt with quickly (and possibly even before they reach a severe level).

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This is one of the easiest tips to stick to. Don't start giving your child any foods they're not ready to consume yet. While you may be concerned about how your child will react to certain foods, "we have to take into consideration the baby's ability to eat solids," Dr. Sicherer explains.

"Some babies are ready for solids and they're able to take those pureed foods and keep it fine," he says, "others might dribble it out and not be ready yet." Once infants begin to wean off of liquids as their only forms of nourishmentwhich can be past the six-month period in some casesthen it's officially time to start introducing allergen foods.

Although, there are right ways and wrong ways to go about this first-time experience. You're definitely not going to want to try giving a baby whole peanuts as their first go-around, because they can and will choke, Dr. Sicherer explains. Along with pieces of nuts, "peanut butter is a choking hazard for babies" he says.

As you feel out when your child becomes ready to take on solid foods, they should be presented in a safe matter. This is going to be foods that are in the form of purees, pastes, sauces, and (for some of the fast learners) tiny pieces that don't require chewing.

While you're starting to bring the long list of allergens into your child's diet, you should be aware of what it looks like when they're having an allergic reaction to a new food. This is especially crucial since there are both mild and severe reactions when it comes to food allergies.

"The biggest thing that a baby could have that would make you think they might have allergies is if they have skin rashes called eczema or atopic dermatitis," Dr. Sicherer says. These rashes are itchy and might occur on a baby's face, arms, legs, chest, and/or back.

While it's believed that babies who experience eczema in their first few months of life may be more prone to allergy, Dr. Sicherer explains, "it doesn't mean they are experiencing a food allergy, it just means that they're someone that might go on to have a food allergy."

Other common and more subtle allergy symptoms, according to Dr. Sicherer, are often going to be gut-related or visually obvious within a short time period after the baby eats these new foods. These can be anything from having diarrhea or blood in the stool, vomiting, hives, swelling, rashes, or even signs the baby isn't growing enough.

On the more severe side, you're going to see an extreme case of eczema or atopic dermatitis, or the child may have trouble breathing, cough or wheeze, or turn pale or blue in the face. However, this is not to sound the alarms! "Those are not going to be common for babies being introduced to these foods first off," Dr. Sicherer says.

"If the baby doesn't really show any signs of allergyno eczema or anything elsethere's no strong reason to expect there's going to be a problem," he explains.

According to Main Street Pediatrics, many severe reactions will typically happen about 10-15 minutes after eating the food, but some mild reactions could take a few hours to begin to show up.

Now, if your infant is trying allergen foods for the first time and you are seeing any of these signs (mild or severe), immediately stop! Take a deep breath and treat these reactions or symptoms like you would any other conditiongive your child (allergy) medication following the advice of your doctor and visit your doctor for assistance and an evaluation if needed.

When getting ready to share these new foods with your baby, it's best to keep in mind that, "allergens are essentially the same as any other food, [and] they still have to be given in a way that a baby isn't going to choke on it," says Dr. Sicherer.

On average, the first foods fed to babies in America are normally ones like grains or oats (mashed up without any chunks) and pureed food in jars. These are almost always single-ingredient foods or vegetablessuch as oatmeal, squash, peas, or applesauceand can remain the initial solids you decide to give your infant, before stepping into the realm of allergens.

When allergy-related foods come into the picture (and with any other new food), Dr. Sicherer recommends smoothing out choking hazardous components into warm water to make a sauce or liquidy paste (apple sauce is a great example of this!).

"Tree nuts are real hard," he explains. But if you're really adamant about adding them to your infants' diet as soon as they're ready, then it's best to "have it in forms that are going to be baby-safe. That would be made into butters that can be smoothed out, for example, or flours."

If you're looking for something simple to start within the allergens family, try some soft cheeses, yogurt, or eggs. "Eggs could be pretty easy," Dr. Sicherer claims, while "babies should not eat raw egg, you certainly could make scrambled egg and mash it up into small bits."

Another great trick is mixing an allergen food into baked goods, specifically for introducing wheat, milk, or soy. Even the slightest bit can go a long way, as an infant only needs to consume a small amount of an allergen food to be considered as exposure.

Even though it's frightening not to know the outcome, it's still not a great idea to postpone the introduction of allergens to babies. One way to create this safe pattern where the immune system is more accepting of foods, is for your child to "have a diverse diet," Dr. Sicherer explains, and it's "been seen to help prevent food allergies."

"The more things the baby can eat, the merrier," he says. Doctors and researchers are more confident than ever that early exposure to allergens, as well as all foods in general, is even better for the child's gut and immune system because they'll learn to digest more (including "worry foods") in a normal and healthy manner.

As you start your search for pureed foods and other solids for your child to try to diversify their diet, there's a new product on the market that might be of interest to you. Baby food companies are coming out with products made specifically with the intention of serving allergens into an infant's diet as early as possible, as well as keeping them a part of their everyday foods going forward.6254a4d1642c605c54bf1cab17d50f1e

They're all "baby-safe, pre-made, measured products," Dr. Sicherer says. Certain baby food companies claim that they are good "specifically for prevention of allergy types," he explains, but they're not FDA approved to do so. Spoonful ONE, an example of this baby food manufacturer, sells powdered mix-in options and dissolvable puff snacks that are meant to introduce 16 different allergen foods.

These introductory products that outwardly claim to be allergy preventative are more expensive than other baby foods, but "there's a choice in this situation between the convenience versus the cost," Dr. Sicherer explains. If you use most all other baby food company products, you'll have to use your own blending method, measure a good quantity, and then it will be ready to serve.

RELATED:5 Healthy Fast-Food Kids Meals for Busy School Days

In the very beginning, infants need to be consuming either breastmilk or formula as their main source of food and nutrients. "Cow's milk is not appropriate for an infant," says Dr. Sicherer, "but if the baby's going to have formula that's made out of cow's milk, that's okay, because it's made for babies"

Then, once your child hits the six-month milestone (or older) and has moved on to more solid foods, you might want to know other ways allergens can make it onto your little one's plate. Now, to be clear, there's no need to worry about these foods if you're baby hasn't shown signs of allergy quite yet, but they're good to keep in mind if you begin seeing allergy signs (discussed above) come up shortly after consumption.

Normally, there's a pretty solid understanding that milk, cheese, fish, and nut-butters in their standard form are all allergen foods. On the contrary, there may be some other foods that are not as commonly known to have an allergen-related ingredient. Groceries such as pasta, (which is made out of wheat), breaded chicken (which usually has some sort of egg in the breading), certain breads (which may have a milk component), and some thick sauces (inexplicitly could have peanuts).

You should also stay aware of any type of cross-contamination situations that could arise. Dr. Sicherer, explains, "You're making a chicken broth, but you're also making a cream soup next to that, and you put the spoon from the cream soup into the non-milk soup, then you would have cross contacted the soup that wasn't supposed to have milk in it."

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7 Tips for Safely Introducing Your Baby to Allergens, According to Experts Eat This Not That - Eat This, Not That

Navratri fasting tips 2022: Managing blood sugar levels remains an everyday struggle for people with diabetes and when it comes to planning diabetes diet during Navratri fast, it is advised to be mindful of what you are eating and when you are eating during the day to prevent experiencing spike or drop in glucose levels. Stocking on low GI items is a good idea and there is no dearth of such vrat-friendly foods which will prevent sugar spikes. From singhara flour, buckwheat flour, roasted makhanas, peanuts, nuts and seeds, vegetables to fruits, there is a lot that diabetes can safely include in their Navratri diet. (Also read: Navratri 2022: Benefits of fasting)

"People with diabetes need to structure their meals and plan in advance to enjoy the full benefit of Navratri fasts. The main goal is to keep the blood sugar levels within normal range," says Dietician and Nutritionist Dr Poonam Duneja Founder of Nutrifybypoonam Diet & Wellness clinic.

Dr Duneja also offers the following fasting tips for people with diabetes.

- Keep your body hydrated and try to walk for 15 minutes after every meal.

- The navratri plate should have complex carbs and low-calorie drinks and meals distributed throughout the day. Do not eat heavy meals.

- Include low GI carbs like buckwheat roti in your meals. Add vegetables and also include a salad before all your meals to keep your post prandial sugar levels in check.

- Include good fats to reduce the glycemic load of the meals.

- Include low fat dairy proteins in buttermilk, yogurt, paneer to eliminate any sugar cravings and replenish your energy levels throughout the day.

- Mattha, vegetable raita, lassi, chaach, nuts and seeds can be added as an excellent protein source for people with diabetes during fasting.

- Including fruits and veggies result in better plasma carotenoids and Vitamin C levels, deliver antioxidants and phyto compounds. Try salads, fruit chaat, vegetable smoothies, vegetable soups and avoid readymade soups mix, fruit juices and sugary preparations.

"Researches show adding less than 30% calories from fat results in reducing glycated hemolobin levels (HBA1C levels). Include high fibre diet, less saturated fat and cholesterol less than 300 mg. Include omega-3 fatty acids (flax seeds, chia seeds, pumpkin seeds) to provide unsaturated heart healthy fats which results in elevated HDL levels, better serum lipids LDL and HbA1C," says Dr Duneja.

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Navratri fasting tips 2022: Dos and don'ts for people with diabetes during fasts - Hindustan Times

Ana Maafs-Rodrguez recalls the first time she recognized what she has come to think of as the gap.

She was working as a nutritionist in her hometown, Mexico City, and she met with a young woman who suffered from diabetes and renal failure. Recent research that Maafs-Rodrguez had helped to conduct had shown her what type of fish could be safely eaten by patients with those illnesses. She counseled the patient accordingly, and all seemed well.

However, during the patients subsequent visits, Maafs-Rodrguez learned that the woman was having trouble following the advice. The patient shared that numerous factorsprice, availability of the recommended fish types, limited cooking experience (and time to cook), and incompatibility with the diets of friends and familywere leading her to disregard the advice.

Thats when I realized that I was failing to effectively guide people in their food choices, Maafs-Rodrguez said. Iand theyknew what they needed to eat, but that knowledge was not translating into long-term behavior.

That was the gap Maafs-Rodrguez discovered: the space between providing information about healthy eating choices and seeing individuals change their behavior based on that information. That discovery inspired Maafs-Rodrguez to want to understand how to better communicate research-based nutrition information, in ways that would positively affect individuals behaviorand, in particular, the behavior of Latinos.

She enrolled as a masters student in the Nutrition Interventions, Communication, and Behavior Change program at the Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy. She earned that degree in 2020 and is now on track to complete her doctorate within the next 18 months.

For her doctorate under advisor and Friedman School associate professor Sara Folta, Maafs-Rodrguez is working on three distinct assessments as to why some messages about healthy eating fail, especially among Latino populations, and how communication strategies can be improved to help guide people to better nutrition choices.

One of the projects, the Youre the Mom campaign, a part of Tufts ChildObesity180 initiative, aims to pinpoint which messages shared via social media are most effective with mothers in supporting their childrens healthy eating habits. Before any social media content was developed or posted, an early phase of the campaign involved soliciting from Black and Latina mothers information about their needs as parents, what messages they would hope to see in a campaign about healthy eating, how they usually access social media, and what type of content catches their attention.

Working with Friedman School Dean ad interim Christina Economos, Maafs-Rodrguez is focusing on that early phase of the campaign, studying the ways in which mothers social media use and expectations ultimately influenced the campaigns strategy. We believe using the mothers own voices to inform the campaign ultimately will increase the likelihood that our content resonates with the audience, said Maafs-Rodrguez.

For a second project, an ethnically tailored dietary intervention, Maafs-Rodrguezs goal is to better understand how culturally adapted messaging might influence quality of diet. In the study, researchers divided participants into two groups, according to their Caribbean or non-Caribbean Latino heritage. They determined key differences between the groups. Among their findings: while both groups tend to eat unhealthy food choices, Caribbean participants were more likely to choose these in response to cravings while non-Caribbeans did so during special social occasions. Researchers then crafted specific text messages that promoted healthy eating during each situation for the respective heritage group.

When there's a lack of cultural adaptation in the messaging, some messages may fail to resonate with all populations equally well, Maafs-Rodrguez said. Our aim was to provide tips that are related to healthy eating, while tailoring the tactics to the beliefs and attitudes that are relevant to each group. This work is being done in conjunction with researchers at the Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, led by Dr. Josiemer Mattei.

In addition, with support from Folta, Economos, and Mattei, Maafs-Rodrguez has devised her own study in which she will analyze Internet videos that feature advice about healthy eating aimed at older Latino adults and assess the videos messages based on their cultural relevance, their consistency with U.S. dietary guidelines, and their persuasive power for older Latinos in the U.S.

When she finishes her current projects and her dissertation, Maafs-Rodrguez hopes to secure a postdoctoral position to continue her explorations of how to make messaging around healthy eating as effective as possible for specific audiences.

The pandemic made clear the importance of effective communication about health issuesand its power to drive opinions and behavior, she said. Now our focus can be on improving and customizing what we communicate.

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Mind the Gap: How Culture-Specific Messaging Can Lead to Better Nutrition - Tufts Now

Two mass strandings in Tasmanian waters in a week has left about 200 pilot whales and 14 sperm whales dead.

On Monday, 14 juvenile sperm whales died and washed ashore at King Island, in Bass Strait. Approximately 230 pilot whales became stranded on Ocean Beach, west of the Tasmanian town of Strahan on Wednesday.

Tasmanian authorities said on Thursday that they would be transitioning to carcass recovery and disposal operations in the coming days. But how do you safely dispose of the massive beasts?

If cetaceans are left onshore where they have stranded and died, their decomposition can pose a biohazard risk, said Dr Olaf Meynecke, of Griffith Universitys coastal and marine research centre. The removal of the animals is a major issue and something that we kind of forget once a rescue mission is over.

In warmer climates, the internal decomposition of dead whales can result in spontaneous explosions. Gut bacteria in the whales can multiply quickly, producing large quantities of methane gas. If the rest of the body is still intact if the outer layer, the blubber, is still intact and not broken up then it can lead to an explosion, Meynecke said.

In 2004, the decomposing carcass of a 60-tonne, 17-metre sperm whale exploded on a busy street in the Taiwanese city of Tainan, showering cars and shops with blood and organs and stopping traffic for hours.

Researchers would probably carry out checks on the recently stranded animals, including necropsies to look at gut content, and assessing overall health indicators such as the thickness of their blubber layer, Meynecke said.

Usually necropsies cannot be conducted more than after a few days after a whale dies, due to the risk of explosion, he says. Its actually part of the risk assessment the animal has to be assessed beforehand and if there are signs of swelling in the gut area, the pressure needs to be released ahead [of the necropsy].

If theres anything of benefit, its that the dead individuals will be an opportunity to contribute to science, said Dr Vanessa Pirotta, a wildlife scientist affiliated with Macquarie University, who described it as the silver lining of a sad situation.

We can learn more about their diet, their genetics, how similar these individuals were to the population that stranded before, she says, referring to a 2020 mass stranding event at the same location, in which 350 pilot whales died.

Cetaceans that die onshore after stranding should be towed out to the ocean, Meynecke said. They should be returned to sea thats where they belong.

Sam Gerrity, of Southwest Expeditions, has been involved in the logistical effort after both the most recent and 2020 mass strandings near Strahan. He said the disposal involved a pretty confronting process of towing dozens of carcasses out to sea.

Open decomposition and burial were both trialled after the 2020 pilot whale stranding, but authorities have said they are not the preferred methods for the most recent stranding. Our first option will be long-lining the carcasses out to deep ocean, the incident controller Brendon Clark, said at a press conference on Thursday.

But the logistics for larger whale species are far trickier than pilot whales, which weigh up to three tonnes. [For a sperm whale] were looking at probably over 15 tonnes or more. Once theyre not in water any more, they become too heavy to drag with normal equipment, Meynecke said.

Burying whales should be avoided, he said. Disposing of a sea animal on land is generally not a good idea. The animals will decompose a lot slower once theyre buried it will take months and its a very slow process.

In 2017, a New South Wales council buried an 18-tonne humpback whale at Port Macquaries Nobbys beach and then excavated it a week later, due to community concerns about heightened shark activity.

If youve got a connection to the water table theres a chance that it does leak out into the ocean it could potentially attract predators but thats not fully proven, Meynecke said.

An infamous whale disposal case occurred in the US in 1970, when the Oregon Highway Division tried to get rid of a decaying sperm whale by blowing it up with dynamite.

The humour of the entire situation suddenly gave way to a run for survival as huge chunks of whale blubber fell everywhere, said a reporter in a now-viral TV story.

Meynecke called the incident proof of human stupidity. We laugh about it, but its the same thing as burying something only because we cant see it, it doesnt mean its gone, and only because we blow it up it doesnt mean its gone its just distributed in smaller pieces and it creates more problems.

Why mass whale strandings occur is still not entirely clear. Pilot whales misnamed as they are actually a large oceanic dolphin are known as the most susceptible species to mass strandings, because they are highly social and form pods of several hundred.

They end up in these big groups, but they dont know each other very well, Meynecke said. If one of them starts to panic there is a lot of miscommunication, because they dont actually know each other and the calls dont make sense to them. He likened it to panic among humans at a concert or other crowd. There is that emotional stress that actually drives them to continuously restrand as well.

Sperm whales, however, do not usually mass strand, and the deaths of more than a dozen at King Island was concerning, Meynecke said.

It probably isnt a coincidence that these two species stranded at similar times, because they might have been looking for prey closer to the islands, he said. We do have drastic changes in the marine environment related to climate change. Thats also what was related to the stranding of sperm whales in Europe in 2016.

That incident was linked to changes in water temperatures and the movement of food sources into shallower waters in the North Sea. We might see more of these strandings in future, Meynecke said.

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Whale strandings: what happens after they die and how do authorities safely dispose of them? - The Guardian

The baby formula shortage is far from over, but to prevent future scarcity, the United States is taking a critical look at what went wrong earlier this year. On September 20, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) released an internal report on the fumbles and mishaps that led to a delay in response to the formula crisis. A number of reasons were listed, including outdated data systems, insufficient emergency response systems capable of managing multiple public health emergencies, and lack of consumer education on how to handle and prepare infant formula. The agency also acknowledged that there are many unknowns about the bacterial contaminant Cronobacter, which was reportedly found in baby formula products from Abbott Nutrition.

The baby formula shortage was a perfect storm, explains Jenelle Ferry, neonatologist and director of feeding, nutrition, and infant development at Pediatrix Neonatology of Florida. You had a combination of COVID pandemic restrictions, supply chain issues, and now youre involving a situation with a company [Abbott Nutrition] that is a major manufacturer of formula products.

On February 17, 2022, the FDA sent out a warning to consumers to stop using powdered infant formula from Abbott Nutrition after concerns of bacterial contamination in its products. Shortly after, Abbott voluntarily recalled infant formula products and shut down the facility during the ongoing FDA investigation. Before the recall, the company was responsible for 40 percent of infant formula production. The uncertainty of when products would be back on shelves led to panic buying, making them hard to find. The situation created unrest and distrust of the whole process, and I think families did not know what to believe or what was safe for their babies, says Ferry.

[Related: What the FDA is doing about the US baby formula shortage]

Ferry explains part of the reason for the mistrust is the lack of understanding behind what actually happened to the babies who allegedly drank formula contaminated with Cronobacter. An initial report indicated that babies got sick with Cronobacter after drinking similarbut not the sameformula from Abbott, she says. Its very misleading to say the formulas was contaminated because its not clear [if] the two infants that died did because of Cronobacter. Testing later revealed that Cronobacter was on some surfaces of the manufacturing plant, but tests to identify the bacterial strains in the infants found they did not match those found in the factory. Ferry says the results get muddier because the strains found in the baby formulas were different from each other, which suggests that its unclear where the bacteria originally came from.

This isnt the first time Cronobacter has been a problem in such productsthe bacteria is a known contaminant of infant formula. Richard Martinello, an infectious disease expert at Yale School of Medicine, says that the bacteria is naturally present in the environment and has a preference for very dry environments, such as dry powdered baby formula. It is an opportunistic bacteria that causes severe infections in vulnerable populations such as infants with less developed immune systems. While Cronobacter infections rarely happentwo to four cases are reported each year in the USan infected infant (less than one year old) may experience symptoms ranging from fever, seizures, to meningitis. If untreated, there is a high chance of death or for the meningitis to lead to long-term neurological issues.

Ferry stresses that when you look at the contamination, you have to ask what was first exposed and where. She says the Cronobacter was not directly found in any of the recalled itemsmaking it possible that the product was exposed to bacteria from other environmental conditions or handling rather than a contaminated ingredient. There are also a lot more opportunities for the formula to have picked up the bacteria, such as on countertops, storage, and even at home when the infant formula is not safely handled or prepared.

Among the FDAs suggested areas of improvement, Martinello says it is important to create a system to make Cronobacter cases a reportable disease where states can identify infections. Doing so will help better understand the frequency of cases and allow more opportunities for scientists to study the bacteria.

[Related: 3 solutions for when you cant find your babys formula]

Infant formula is regulated as a food product, but experts agree its a life-saving item for babies under six months, when milk is the primary source of nutrition. Arik Alper, a pediatric gastroenterologist and assistant professor of pediatrics at Yale School of Medicine, explains that infants and toddlers with special needs were hit hardest by the low stock of infant formulas. Abbott is a major producer of special formulas for babies that have food allergies, an inability to digest certain proteins in the diet, or have a disease where they need non-dairy formulas, says Alper. If you need a standard formula there are other options, but we have a problem when special formulas are not available, he says. Its not easy [for babies] to adjust to a new formula and the transition may be associated with gastrointestinal problems such as vomiting or irregular bowel movement.

Ferry says the only alternative to safely and adequately feed a baby under six months when infant formulas arent available is breast milk. However, she points out that often people choose infant formula because breastfeeding is not an option for all caregivers. Another possibility is to find other brands of infant formulas, although that is less of an option for infants with special needs. Though he does not recommend it, Alper has seen some parents create their own formula recipes in a blender at home. He says this would be better suited for older children and if a parent insisted on making their own stock, the process should be supervised by a nutritionist to ensure a nutritious and balanced diet. One thing he advises against is parents diluting their existing stock of formula to make it last. To provide a growing child 100 percent nutrition, you need to make sure they get enough caloriesthey need enough nutrients, vitamins, and fiber, Alper says.

Production at Abbotts Michigan plant resumed in early July. Currently, the FDA is forming groups that will work on improving the gaps uncovered in the baby shortage investigation and will reevaluate their progress in a year.

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The FDA investigated the ongoing baby formula shortage. Heres what it found. - Popular Science