Kevin Uno, a 2019 Center for Climate and Life Fellow. (Photo: Martin Kirinya)

Kevin Unois a paleoclimatologist and Lamont Assistant Research Professor atLamont-Doherty Earth Observatorywho studies the role climate change plays in human population dynamics and migration.

Uno was named aCenter for Climate and Life Fellowin 2019. He received funding to examine how abrupt changes in climate affected Neolithic human settlement, diet, and abandonment in northwest Africa.

Unos project involves fieldwork at Gobero, an archeological site in Niger located in a small lake basin between the Niger River and Lake Chad. His work will reconstruct the climate conditions that led to the occupation and abandonment of the site and shed light on how different subsistence lifestyles influenced human resilience to climate change.

Whats the focus of your research?

My research focuses on understanding the role of climate and environmental change on humans over evolutionary timescales, reaching back over the last five million years or so. I develop records of dietary, vegetation, and rainfall changes in past ecosystems to better understand if and how evolutionary changes, such as the increase in human brain size or changes in our ancestors diets were influenced by environmental changes. One example of this: I recently measured carbon isotopes in hominin teeth to compare the dietary history of our genus,Homo, with other hominins over the last four million years. It turns out our ancestors diets took off on a different trajectory from other hominins starting about 2.5 million years ago.

Whats the problem youre trying to address with your Climate and Life funding?

The Climate and Life Fellowship is allowing me to take my research in a new but related direction to my previous research. One thing we dont know is how humans in different parts of the world will adapt to climate change. As an earth scientist and paleoclimatologist, I look to the past to understand how climate change has affected human populations. For my Climate and Life project, I am studying how climate change affected humans and animals at a relatively recent archeological site in Niger, located in the middle of the Sahara Desert. The site, called Gobero, was occupied from about ~10,000 to 3,000 years ago, during the African Humid Period. During that time, there was a lake at Gobero and we think most of the people there were fishing and living along its shore.

A view along the crest of a barkhan dune in the Sahara Desert, en route to Gobero, Niger in 2019. (All fieldwork photos courtesy of Kevin Uno)

A petroglyph on the way to Gobero. Rock art from the African Humid Period is common across the Sahara.

What do you find most exciting about the project?

The site of Gobero is the oldest known cemetery in the Sahara, so by far, the most remarkable thing about the site is the rich record of human occupation. Hundreds of burials have been discovered to date. This will allow me to reconstruct the diets and lifeways of the Gobero inhabitants. Our data show that they must have endured major climate fluctuations over decadal to centennial timescales, at times causing them to abandon the site. Seeing their responseto climate changes during the African Humid Periodwill provide new information about how populations in this region responded to major climate shifts in the past.

How might this project advance understanding of the challenges posed by climate change?

The challenges posed by climate change are immense and they are incredibly variable depending on where you are on the planet. The climate and landscape at Gobero during the African Humid Period were probably similar to much of the Sahel region and parts of Sub-Saharan Africa today, where today over 200 million people live and largely survive through subsistence farming tied to the annual rains. I hope we can better understand how human populations in the Sahel and sub-Saharan Africa have responded to shifts in mean climate state in the past to help scientists and policymakers plan for the future. Major challenges in the region today include desertification and soil degradation due to agricultural practices and overgrazing. On top of this, the region faces rapid population growth, little access to education, and high rates of violence. All of these challenges are exacerbated by climate change, which directly affects food security.

A rare, translucent cryptocrystalline quartz flake from a stone tool at Gobero.

Stone tools collected at Gobero. Most were used for processing seeds and other food sources.

When it comes to finding solutions to climate change, what gives you hope?

I find it hard to be hopeful about climate change sometimes. Im currently homebound in New York City amidst the coronavirus outbreak that is ravaging my city and country. What has given me hope in this situation is the generosity, compassion, ingenuity, and actions of individuals to address the pandemic. The collective efforts here are making a difference. On the other hand, I am disappointed with the federal governments response and handling of the situation. In thinking about our response to climate change, I am similarly encouraged and hopeful when I see what individuals, research teams, and some in the private sector are doing to solve the problem, but similarly dissatisfied with our governments response. My hope is that the peoples voice prevails so that we can build a government that along with the people, will work to solve this universal and immediate problem.

Whats a good source of information for people who want to learn more about climate change?

The April issue ofNational Geographiccelebrates the 50th anniversary of Earth Day. Its a cleverly designed issue that has two covers. On one side the cover and content give the optimists view on what weve done to address climate change and where we are headed. Flip the issue over and you get the pessimists view. My son picked it up immediately and together weve been pouring over it from both sides. While there are numerous websites you can go to, I find this milestone issue ofNational Geographic, which gives two views of the climate change story as it unfolds, a wonderful way to look at the problem. Which way will humanity decide to go?

In Niger, Unos team witnessed modern human migration from West and Central Africa toward Tripoli, Libya, where migrants look for passage to Europe. Refugees are fleeing because of food insecurity or lack of work, both related to changes in agricultural yields that can be linked to current climate change.

This post was first published by theCenter for Climate and Life,a research initiative based at Columbia UniversitysLamont-Doherty Earth Observatory.

See original here:
Examining How Early Humans Responded to Climate Change - State of the Planet

My name is Nabat Sherif (@nsherif), and Im 30 years old. Im from Toronto, Canada, and I work in public service by day and am a personal trainer and online fitness coach by night. I help Muslim women break out of their comfort zone and find their strongest selves.

I became an emotional eater when I was around 9 or 10 years old. Food provided me comfort. This lasted through my teen years and into university. The Freshman 15 was also all too real for me.

I was never active growing up and I struggled with confidence, making everything worse. I would get comments about my weight from people, and they always left a mark. Most of the comments were from my extended family, who meant well. But I still developed a poor body image as a result.

From 2011 to 2015, I gained and lost the same 35 pounds many times. But in 2016, I finally realized what I was doing wrong and made the right changes. I was tired of feeling uncomfortable in my skin and tired of feeling sorry for myself. I wanted to take matters into my own hands. I knew I deserved to feel good about myself.

I started off with calorie counting, but that didnt work for me. I did several rounds of Whole30 over a few years, too, and that taught me so much about how different foods affect my body. Ultimately, after I developed an understanding of what foods fueled me best, I started following a paleo diet for a long time.

Now Id say my nutrition is balanced and simple. I follow a method I call Plate Goals. Each plate that I eat has to be half greens, one quarter protein, one eighth fats, and one eighth starchy carbs. I also follow what I have dubbed the Worth It Method, where I can enjoy treats if and when theyre worth it to me. If I know I really want something, I make it count and have zero guilt about it. Im also a huge believer in intermittent fasting and have been doing it for years. It was a game changer for me.

I also reduced my intake of added sugar. I realized I had a sugar addiction and subscribed to the sweet and savory cycle which would cause me to overeat. Reducing my intake worked because it helped me gain control of my cravings.

I focused on nutrient-dense meals with no hard restrictions. This gave me food freedom and allowed me to focus on eating well, not necessarily eating less. It also gave me structure and discipline and taught me how to listen to my body and understand my hunger signals. It helped my relationship with food and ended the yo-yo dieting.

I really got into strength training with weights a year or two into my journey. I initially started with doing at home workout DVDs (I was not confident enough to go to a gym), then graduated to running. I ran my very first 5k in June of 2013!

After that, I built up the confidence to go to a gym where I tried a group weight-training class and fell in love. My strength training has evolved immensely over the years, especially after I became a trainer and started working with other coaches.

Strength training made me fitter, stronger, and changed my life. It helped me lose fat and gain muscle and ultimately change my body in ways that running and cardio never did. It also inspired me to become a personal trainer and coach.

Maintenance is a lifelong battle, but the journey gets easier. My weight-loss journey was just thata journey! There were ups downs, roadblocks and pit stops. As soon as I realized that this process was not linear, I cut myself some slack and embraced the process. The focus should be on building sustainable, healthy habits rather than going hard for a short amount of time and then quitting. Its all about consistency.

Years later, Ive come to realize that its not about how much weight you lose, but how much you improve your health. I celebrate non-scale victories far more than metrics. I ask myself how I feel. If Im feeling good, I keep up what Im doing. If Im not feeling good I re-evaluate and take action.

Theres no destination for this journey. Its a part of your life every day. Every day you make choices that will either keep you going, set you back, or stall you. Be consistent with making good choices and youll see results.

Go here to read the rest:
'Combining Intermittent Fasting With Paleo And Strength Training Three Times A Week Transformed My Body' - Women's Health

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A study published in the Journal of Human Evolution reveals for the first time the diet of fossil baboon Theropithecus oswaldi discovered in the Victoria Cave in Cartagena (Murcia), the only site in Europe with remains of this primate, which is four million years old and came from eastern Africa.

The new work analyses the diet of this primate based on its sole European fossil remains and thanks to the analysis of the oral micro-wear patterns on the teeth resulting from eating food. According to the conclusions, the feeding pattern of this guenon the most common primate in the fossil registry of the Pleistocene in the African continent would be different to that of baboon Theropithecus gelada, which is phylogenetically currently the closest species to T. oswaldi. Baboon T. gelada, which lives in the Simien mountains in northern Ethiopia, usually feeds on fresh herbs and sprigs.

Image Credit : Asociacin RUVID

The work, headed by professors Laura Martnez and Alejandro Prez-Prez, from the Faculty of Biology of the University of Barcelona (UB), was also produced by expert from the Department of Biotechnology of the University of Alicante (UA) Alejandro Romero, as well as experts from the Faculty of Earth Sciences and the Faculty of Psychology of the UV, from the Autonomous University of Barcelona, the Municipal Museum of Prehistory and Palaeontology of Orce (Granada) and George Washington University (USA).

Diet of the fossil baboon in the south of the Iberian Peninsula

According to UA researcher Alejandro Romero, the analysis with electronic microscopy that we did of the enamel of the teeth from Theropithecus oswaldi revealed a good state of preservation, which made it possible to define oral micro-wear. The pattern of micro-grooves that were observed on the enamel, adds Romero, is a reflection of the abrasive nature of the food that was chewed. Therefore, when compared with models of primates with known diets, it is possible to deduce the type of feeding ecology of fossil species.

In this sense, the analysis of the grooves caused to the vestibular side of the teeth resulting from eating these abrasive foods confirms that T. oswaldi specimens from the Victoria Cave had to have a more abrasive diet than the current T. gelada, and more similar to the solid food-based diet of other primates, such as mangabeys (Cercocebus sp.) and baboons (Mandrillys sphinx), who eat fruits and seeds, some of them with hard coats, in wooded and semi-open ecosystems, adds Laura Martnez from the Faculty of Biology of the UB.

However, other more recent studies based on observations of T. Gelada from the region of Guassa, also in Ethiopia, describe a more diverse diet, with the presence of rhizomes and tubers during the most unfavourable season. The difference found between T. oswaldi and T. gelada specimens add study authors indicates that the specialisation observed in current baboons could be derived from the fact that there were no fossils in their lineage. This could be a consequence of a regression in their ecological niche as an adaptation to ecosystems that were altered anthropically or as a result of climate change.

Victoria Cave: the long journey of the African baboon

The Theropithecus genus expanded beyond the Sahara desert, from the east to the north and south of the African continent. Their evolutionary lineage, which is also currently present in some geographical areas of Europe and Asia, came very close to disappearing some 500,000 years ago. Today, it would only be represented by the Theropithecus gelada species, a baboon that basically feeds on herbs and has an ecological profile closer to herbivores than primates.

In 1990, the digging campaign led by palaeontologist Josep Gibert found the first fossil remain, a tooth of Theropithecus oswald (Journal of Human Evolution, 1995), in the Victoria Cave (Cartagena). This karstic cave an old manganese mine has provided fossil remains of close to 100 species of vertebrates and is one of the few European sites from the Lower Pleistocene that has human remains. Outside the African continent, the fossil registry of baboon fossils is very scarce, as other remains have only been found in Ubeidiya (Israel) and Minzapur (India).

The new fossil remains of T. oswaldi with between 900,000 and 850,000 years of age were recovered by a team from the Faculty of Earth Sciences of the UB. The presence of this African guenon in the south-east of the Iberian Peninsula strengthens the hypothesis of dispersion models of fauna from the African continent in Europe during the Pleistocene through the Strait of Gibraltar.

The study published in Journal of Human Evolution is framed within the Paleobaboon Research Project, which analyses the dental and cranial adaptations of primates from the papionine tribe as an analogous model of the evolution of the Hominini lineage, who they shared a common geographical space with at similar dates.

Asociacin RUVID

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Originally posted here:
Study reveals the diet of the Theropithecus oswaldi primate - HeritageDaily

Last week Governor Wolf recommended all Pennsylvanians begin to wear face masks in an effort to reduce person to person transmission of COVID-19. With the number of Coronavirus cases on the rise in Berks County and Pennsylvania, how else can we protect ourselves from COVID-19?

Is it possible to increase your health enough to improve your chances with COVID-19? There is no cure or vaccine for the novel Coronavirus. However, staying healthy is the best way to give your body a fighting chance.

As people age, their immune systems change, making it harder for their bodies to fight off diseases and infection. Who is at risk? Older adults and people who have severe chronic medical conditions like heart, lung or kidney disease.

Stefano Sarge is a Certified Strength and Conditioning Specialist and Personal Trainer. A graduate of Governor Mifflin, Sarge is the co-founder of Ampersand Integrated Wellness, a local wellness company focusing on healthy lifestyles, managing injuries or other health related issues.

Now working from home himself, Sarge says the best way to begin an exercise routine is to get outside into nature. Its been shown and even supported with studies to help fight off anxiety and depression.

If youre just starting out, just look for things around your house says Sarge. Even if you dont have any weights you can use gallons of water. You can use broomsticks or use your couch and tables. Whatever you have, just keep it basic.

In addition to items around the house, Sarge suggests starting a daily routine of basic movements like squats, push ups, or planks. Most importantly, Sarge says this is the time to figure out what you like and dont like to do.

I would say my number one recommendation is to set up a schedule, develop a routine for yourself. The more you can make your workout consistent the easier its gonna be for you and its definitely gonna be a challenge at first.

Its not all about the workout, its also about the food you put in your body. There are no specific diets, or special foods, that will directly boost your immune system. However, eating a balanced diet and getting regular exercise will increase your overall health, and give your body a better shot at defending against diseases and illnesses.

According to the Pennsylvania Department of Health, good nutrition lowers peoples risk for many chronic diseases, including heart disease, stroke, some types of cancer, diabetes and osteoporosis. An overall healthy lifestyle must include good nutrition, regular physical activity, no smoking and stress management.

So what can you do to improve your immune system? Local certified nutrition and wellness consultant, Whitney George, fills us in. The number one thing that people can do first to improve the immune system response and function is to drop sugar from their diets.

Added sugars, refined carbohydrates, foods made out of flour, and even natural sources of sugars that are high glycemic like dried fruits, impair white blood cell function. Coinciding with the importance of sugar reduction for immune function is to increase non-starchy vegetables in the diet says George.

To maintain a balanced diet, George recommends eating 6-8 cups of non-starchy vegetables per day and 1/2-1 cup of low sugar fruits like berries, kiwi, and grapefruit.

It is from these plant foods that we get an abundance of phytonutrients like quercetin, rutin, luteolin, myricetin, resveratrol, and apigenin, which have immune strengthening properties says George.

Food sources of zinc (oysters, clams, shrimp, pumpkin seeds, liver) and vitamin C (red bell peppers, broccoli, rose hips, citrus fruits) are also imperative to support the immune response and keep it balanced and not tipping into the cytokine storm (which is the mechanism for death in those suffering from COVID pneumonia). Balancing blood sugar is key.

George also recommends pairing your non-starchy vegetables with high quality protein sources that are sustainably sourced (pasture-raised, grass-fed, wild caught) and healthy fats like extra virgin olive oil, olives, avocado, coconut, coconut oil, nuts and seeds.

With everyone staying at home, take out is also a popular choice and a good way to support local businesses. So how can you eat out and still eat right? In general, when ordering from any restaurant, it is important to stick to the basics listed above says George.

Think about a plate that is 1/2 to 3/4s non-starchy veggies, paired with a protein source that is grilled or baked, not fried, and if you want to choose a starch, try to choose a whole grain like brown or wild rice or one that is not processed like a baked sweet potato.

BCTV and Berks Weekly are working together to bring you the stories of our community during the COVID-19 pandemic. This media partnership is made possible in part by the support of Berks County Community Foundation.

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Berks Fitness and Nutrition Experts Weigh in on Staying Healthy at Home - bctv.org

Jackson, TN, April 08, 2020 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- America is going week three of its unprecedented lockdown due to COVID-19 fears. Both local and national governments as well as federal agencies have pretty much ordered the shutdowns of all non-essential businesses to prevent the spread of the virus. While were keeping ourselves isolated due to social distancing and stay at home orders to stay healthy, Diet Doc wants to remind consumers how important it is to take all aspects of your health into account during these uncertain times. Itll be important to maintain your health since your health status has a direct effect on your immunity, as well as your mental well-being. Other than using vitamin c, zinc and other herbal supplements, Diet Doc suggests that now may be a great time to invest in a total weight management program with guidance from specialized doctors and coaches who can conveniently help you by phone or computer, keeping your safety in mind. This type of program can:

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Disclaimer: The statements made regarding these products have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. The efficacy of these products has not been confirmed by FDA-approved research. These products are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease. All information presented here is not meant as a substitute for or alternative to information from healthcare practitioners. Please consult your healthcare professional about potential interactions or other possible complications before using any product. The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act requires this notice.

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Diet Doc Stresses to Consumers the Importance of Keeping Weight Gain to a Minimum Amid COVID-19 - GlobeNewswire

Nothing makes us feel more connected than when a global health crisis sparks on one continent and jumps to the next, and then the next, as fast as the one we are in. From China to Italy, Spain, the US and back to Asia, the coronavirus made us realize that what happens in one market around the world has real ramifications everywhere.

So it's no surprise that the health, ethical, and planetary effects of plant-based eating are being touted now.Consumers are beginning to come to terms with the full impact ofour collectiveeating habits on the earth and the people aroundus. From our fashion choices, even"vegan" ones that end upcreating more plastic waste to "superfoods" like almonds, that use more water than almost nearly any other plant on the planet, plant-based or vegan consumers are asking: What istruly sustainable? And howdo our choices impact not just our own health but that of the planet and other human beings in communities far from our homes?Here are some simple ways to consider compassion and humanity along your mindful plant-based journey.

While consuming a plant-based diet is by-and-large better for our health and the environment, a sometimes overlooked element to consider is the human cost of our food choices. Do you know where your coconut oil comes from? Your quinoa? One of the most well-known cases of an over-consumed crop is the popularity of quinoa, which first helped support the farmers of Peru and then, when it took off as a "trendy" food five years ago, sent them into relative poverty when other countries began to produce it and take market share away from them.

Understanding the impact of your diet is the first step to consuming more mindfully. A simple Google searchthat includes [BRAND] + ethics or [FOOD ITEM] + sustainability is a great place to start. Another great place to start is through the quiz on foodprint.org, which estimates the carbon impact of your current diet. Try it.

Depending on the item it brings a range of results, for example, tortilla chips + sustainability gives you the results of a range of tortilla chip producers' sustainability mission while searching chocolate + sustainability brings about a bunch of articles about the cacao supply chain, which makes us think more about where our snacks and sweets come from.

To keep up with the latest agricultural news,perusesites like Acres USA, Modern Farmer, Edible Magazine andAnthropocene Magazine (Anthropocene is a newly minted term that refers to our current industrial era, in which the changes on earth are driven by humans). All these are great ways to learn more about what's happening in the food supply chain.

Keeping track of the most ethical foods is as daunting as the constant back and forth about what is healthy or not (such as the great coffee debate). There are a few simple guidelines to keep in mind that will help you be a more mindful consumer.

Yourbest betis to eat local, seasonal foods that don't need to get put on a ship or plane to get to your door. Loweringour carbon footprint is beneficial to the most vulnerable populations, including people of color and working-classfamilies, who aredisproportionately affected by climate change. Eating locally grown food not only reduces carbon emissions but supports small farmers and the food usually delivers more nutrients because it's fresh.Find a CSA near you throughLocalHarvest.org.

Efficient shipping options are easier than ever through aggregators likeThrive Market, Instacart,and Mercato that each finds the products you seek and delivers itfrom a variety of local vendors. Thesesites do the curation for you so you dont have todrivearoundlooking for plant-based foods. Imperfect Foods is a great option that helps reduce waste by shipping less-than-beautiful but perfectly edible produce that otherwise would have been thrown out.

Another possibility: grow your own! The US has seen a resurgence of Victory Gardenssince the sheltering at home orders have gone national, and growing your greens is one way to reduce your reliance on traditional grocery stores.To get startedhere is a guide for indoor gardening, even in a tiny apartment or basement.

The journey to be a more ethical consumer goes beyond what we eat. In our globalized economy, many other systems play a part in our relationship to the world and people around us. When making buying decisions, plant-basedconsumers could consider the impact of the packagingour food comes in. Are your meal kits sent to you in low-waste packaging? Here is a master list of sustainable alternatives for common products.

There are many organizations that do great work to help consumers make ethical consumption. Some of them include Fair Trade, Food Is Power, Equitable Food, and Fair Food Program. The Foodprint initiative has many useful resources for understanding the carbon impact of your diet and has a guide to sustainable food labels to look out for.

The good news? Adopting a plant-based diet does inherently have a net positive impact on the global food system. Eating local, seasonal foods, staying informed, and using your voice to amplify the rights of others are just a few ways to have a say in how your diet affects the earth. Were all in it together.

Read more:
How Plant-Based Eating Impacts Communities and The Environment - The Beet

The national crisis over the coronavirus has resulted in governments deliberately shutting down much of Canadas economy and throwing millions of people out of work. Some journalists have speculated about whether we are entering another Depression like that which began in 1929, as though they have some recollection of what that was like. In fact, almost no one alive today actually remembers that era. Even those of us who have heard word-of-mouth stories from survivors of the Depression, as I did growing up, are elderly people now.

My father, Thomas Lyman, was born in 1910, the oldest of four brothers, in Dresden, Ont., between London and Detroit. My mother, Antoinette Phelan, the oldest of eight children in her family, was born in 1912 in Mount Forest, two hours northwest of Toronto. They came to adulthood in the early 1930s and survived the Great Depression. There was nothing great about it. It was a nightmare in peoples lives that lasted for over 10 years and did not really end until the Second World War. Today, we know that it was the result of widespread drops in world commodity prices and sudden declines in economic demand and credit, which led to sharp reductions in global trade and rising unemployment. Let me describe that in human terms.

It was a nightmare in peoples lives that lasted for over 10 years

There wasnt a national labour force survey, as there is now, but estimates are that, at times, as many as one-third of working-age people in Canada were unemployed. It was extremely difficult to get a job. If you did, the wages were very low. Employers could basically dictate the terms of employment. My father was lucky to be hired by the Canadian Bank of Commerce (a predecessor of the Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce) to work as a bank teller in a small branch in Mount Forest, where he met my mother. My mother worked as a cashier in a five and dime, what today we would call a convenience store, and after business hours she did her chores on a farm. They spent the entire Depression in Mount Forest. The bank, however, prohibited its employees from marrying (they might produce children and ask for a raise) so my mother and father dated from 1930 until 1940 when he enlisted in the Canadian army, married and left for six years in Europe.

Sometime in the 1930s my grandfather lost his farm in Dresden and moved his family to Windsor, Ont. There he got a job working in Detroit for the Detroit Free Press. With no television and no internet, newspapers were almost as fail-safe employers as banks were. Times have changed.

For the most part, though, wages were so low that even employed people could afford only the fewest of non-essentials. There was little entertainment. My father reminisced once that a big night out was when four friends shared the cost of a case of beer and played cards all evening.

The birth rate dropped by a third. Tens of thousands of young men could not find work and were not eligible for even the meagre welfare provided by governments then, so they lived in shanty towns and moved from area to area (often as hideaways on railway boxcars) depending on the season.

Hundreds of thousands of people and businesses went bankrupt. The banks often seized the farms and other property of the people affected, so families were left homeless. Farm production dropped. If you lived on a farm, your main diet was often root crops and rhubarb. Many people got scurvy; almost everyone was hungry much of the time. The poor diets and bad living conditions shortened lives; children often had to leave school after Grade 8 so they could work and help support the family. Both wages and prices dropped throughout the 1930s. In Western Canada, two-thirds of the rural population was forced onto relief, the small support available from governments.

For many, the worst effect of the Depression was the sense of hopelessness it engendered. No one who has ever heard first-hand accounts of what that was like would ever want to experience it.

When people today talk about the possibility of so extending the shut-down of the Canadian economy as to place us on the path to a Depression, they have no idea what that would mean. I hope they never find out.

Robert Lyman was born in 1946, precisely nine months after his father returned from the war. He grew up in Windsor and currently lives in Ottawa.

See original here:
Yes, times are tough, but let's not pretend it's anything like 1929 - Financial Post